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Topic Review
Flavonols on Cognitive Functions in Diabetic Animals
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease associated with reduced synaptic plasticity, atrophy of the hippocampus, and cognitive decline. Cognitive impairment results from several pathological mechanisms, including increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors, prolonged oxidative stress and impaired activity of endogenous mechanisms of antioxidant defense, neuroinflammation driven by the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and disturbance of signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and cognitive functioning. Flavonols, a highly abundant class of flavonoids in the human diet, are appreciated as a potential pharmacological intervention against cognitive decline in diabetes. 
  • 473
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Applied in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the world. At present, reperfusion therapy and neuroprotective therapy, as guidelines for identifying effective and adjuvant treatment methods, are limited by treatment time windows, drug bioavailability, and side effects. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have the characteristics of extending half-life, increasing bioavailability, targeting drug delivery, controllable drug release, and low toxicity, thus being used in the treatment of ischemic stroke to increase the therapeutic effects of drugs.
  • 470
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Biomarker Strategies in Autoimmune Neuromuscular Diseases
Inflammatory neuromuscular disorders encompass a diverse group of immune-mediated diseases with varying clinical manifestations and treatment responses. The identification of specific biomarkers has the potential to provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis, aid in accurate diagnosis, predict disease course, and monitor treatment efficacy. 
  • 469
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Dysfunctional K+ Homeostasis as a Driver for Brain Inflammation
The central nervous system (CNS) relies on precise regulation of potassium ion (K+) concentrations to maintain physiology. This regulation involves complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that work in concert to regulate both intracellular and extracellular K+ levels. Inflammation, a key physiological response, encompasses a series of cell-specific events leading to inflammasome activation. Perturbations in K+-sensitive processes can result in either chronic or uncontrolled inflammation, highlighting the intricate relationship between K+ homeostasis and inflammatory signalling. This review explores molecular targets that influence K+ homeostasis and have been implicated in inflammatory cascades, offering potential therapeutic avenues for managing inflammation. We examine both cell-specific and common molecular targets across different cell types, providing a comprehensive overview of the interplay between K+ regulation and inflammation in the CNS. By elucidating these mechanisms, we identify leads for drug discovery programmes aimed at modulating inflammatory responses. Additionally, we highlight potential consequences of targeting individual molecular entities for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach in developing anti-inflammatory strategies. This review considers current knowledge on K+-sensitive inflammatory processes within the CNS, offering critical insights into the molecular underpinnings of inflammation and potential therapeutic interventions. Our findings underscore the importance of considering K+ homeostasis in the development of targeted therapies for inflammatory conditions within the CNS.
  • 465
  • 19 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant Bioactive Molecules against Ischemic Stroke
Stroke is a major contributor to global mortality and disability. While reperfusion is essential for preventing neuronal death in the penumbra, it also triggers cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, a paradoxical injury primarily caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood–brain barrier disruption. An oxidative burst inflicts marked cellular damage, ranging from alterations in mitochondrial function to lipid peroxidation and the activation of intricate signalling pathways that can even lead to cell death.
  • 462
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Cisternal Drainage
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) provokes a cascade reaction that is responsible for early and delayed brain injuries mediated by intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, cerebral vasospasm (CV), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), which result in increased morbidity and mortality. During open microsurgical repair, cisternal access is achieved essentially to gain proximal vascular control and aneurysm exposition. Cisternostomy also allows brain relaxation, removal of cisternal clots, and restoration of the CSF dynamics through the communication between the anterior and posterior circulation cisterns and the ventricular system, with the opening of the Membrane of Liliequist and lamina terminalis, respectively. Continuous postoperative CSF drainage through a cisternal drain (CD) is a valuable option for treating acute hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension. Moreover, it efficiently removes the blood and toxic degradation products, with a potential benefit on CV, DCI, and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Finally, the CD is an effective pathway to administer vasoactive, fibrinolytic, and anti-oxidant agents and shows promising results in decreasing CV and DCI rates while minimizing systemic effects.
  • 461
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuropsychiatric and Neuropsychological Aspects of Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders
Alcohol-related cognitive disorders have long been an area of study, yet they continue to pose challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of underlying neuropsychiatric mechanisms. 
  • 454
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Interdisciplinary Therapeutic Approaches to Atypical and Malignant Meningiomas
Meningiomas have the highest incidence among brain tumors. In contrast to benign tumors that constitute the majority of this tumor entity, the treatment of aggressive meningiomas (WHO Grade 2 and 3) is more challenging, requiring gross total removal of the tumor and the affected dura and adjuvant radiotherapy. Not every diagnosed meningioma has to or can be resected. The age and physical condition of patients play major roles in treatment decisions
  • 453
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
GABA Levels and GABAB Receptors on Network Disinhibition
Network dynamics are crucial for action and sensation. Changes in synaptic physiology lead to the reorganization of local microcircuits. Consequently, the functional state of the network impacts the output signal depending on the firing patterns of its units. Networks exhibit steady states in which neurons show various activities, producing many networks with diverse properties. Transitions between network states determine the output signal generated and its functional results. The temporal dynamics of excitation/inhibition allow a shift between states in an operational network. Therefore, a process capable of modulating the dynamics of excitation/inhibition may be functionally important. 
  • 452
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cellular Defense System for Ferroptosis
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the most common rapidly developing neurodegenerative diseases that lead to serious health and socio-economic consequences. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death; there is growing evidence to support the notion that ferroptosis is involved in a variety of pathophysiological contexts, and there is increasing interest in the role of ferroptosis in PD and AD. Simultaneously, cells may have evolved four defense systems to counteract the toxic effects of ferroptosis occasioned by lipid peroxidation. 
  • 437
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Front-Polar Area
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that applies a weak current to the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability by stimulating the cerebral cortex. The technique can produce either somatic depolarization (anodal stimulation) or somatic hyperpolarization (cathodal stimulation), based on the polarity of the current used by noninvasively stimulating the cerebral cortex with a weak current from the scalp, making it a NIBS technique that can modulate neuronal excitability. Thus, tDCS has emerged as a hopeful clinical neuro-rehabilitation treatment strategy. This method has a broad range of potential uses in rehabilitation medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). 
  • 430
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Unfolded Protein Response in Ischemic Stroke
Many pathologic states can lead to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in cells. This causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which encompasses three main adaptive branches. One of these UPR branches is mediated by protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), an ER stress sensor. The primary consequence of PERK activation is the suppression of global protein synthesis, which reduces ER workload and facilitates the recovery of ER function. Ischemic stroke induces ER stress and activates the UPR. 
  • 429
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microglial Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia (60–70%) affecting the elderly. To date, the major risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is aging. In these times of demographic change, the numbers of patients diagnosed with AD are rising.
  • 421
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Epigenetic Peripheral Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and represents the leading cause of cognitive impairment and dementia in older individuals throughout the world. The main hallmarks of AD include brain atrophy, extracellular deposition of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, and the intracellular aggregation of protein tau in neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological modifications start many years prior to clinical manifestations of disease and the spectrum of AD progresses along a continuum from preclinical to clinical phases. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers for detecting AD at early stages greatly improves clinical management. However, stable and non-invasive biomarkers are not currently available for the early detection of the disease. In the search for more reliable biomarkers, epigenetic mechanisms, able to mediate the interaction between the genome and the environment, are emerging as important players in AD pathogenesis.
  • 420
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Alongside their long-term effects, post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are significant public health concerns. Exosomal tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), amyloid beta (Aβ), and microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for mTBI and PCS. Specifically, elevated levels of exosomal tau and p-tau have been associated with mTBI and PCS as well as repetitive mTBI. Dysregulated exosomal miRNAs have also been observed in individuals with mTBI and PCS. Additionally, exosomal Prion cellular protein (PRPc), coagulation factor XIII (XIIIa), synaptogyrin-3, IL-6, and aquaporins have been identified as promising biomarkers for mTBI and PCS. 
  • 420
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biofluid Biomarkers in Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common neurosurgical entity that typically affects elderly patients. Studies have sought to establish the factors associated with an increased risk of cSDH recurrence and/or which can aid in the prediction of neurological/functional outcomes.
  • 419
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Post-Stroke Aphasia Therapies
Aphasia is an acquired language disorder (derived from the Greek word “afaˈsia”) that affects spoken and/or written language resulting from brain injury (e.g., stroke). Four categories of aphasia interventions, either in isolation or combined, have been explored over the years: (1) pharmacological therapies (i.e., growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, cell-based therapies, and drugs); (2) behavioral (SALT); (3) additional therapeutic approaches (e.g., technological aids); and (4) non-invasive brain stimulation-based therapies (NIBST) (i.e., Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)).
  • 418
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain
Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level.
  • 405
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Neuro-Cognitive Comorbidities in Rats with Absence Epilepsy
Absence epilepsy is a non-convulsive type of epilepsy characterized by the sudden loss of awareness. It is associated with thalamo-cortical impairment, which may cause neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive problems. Rats with spontaneous absence-like seizures are widely used as in vivo genetic models for absence epilepsy; they display behavioral and cognitive problems similar to epilepsy in humans, such as genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and Wistar Albino rats from Rijswijk (WAG/Rij). Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were apparent in GAERS, but no anxiety symptoms were found in WAG/Rij rats. Deficits in executive functions and memory impairment in WAG/Rij rats, i.e., cognitive comorbidities, were linked to the severity of epilepsy. Wistar rats can develop spontaneous seizures in adulthood, so caution is advised when using them as a control epileptic strain.
  • 404
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke despite Oral Anticoagulation
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) experiencing ischemic stroke despite oral anticoagulation (OAC), i.e., breakthrough strokes, are not uncommon, and represent an important clinical subgroup in view of the consistently high risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. The understanding of the heterogenous potential mechanism underlying OAC failure is essential in order to implement specific therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. 
  • 396
  • 12 Dec 2023
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