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Topic Review
Salicornia sp. pl. (Annual)
Salicornia, also commonly known as pickleweed, glasswort, sea asparagus and samphire, derives its name from the Latin word meaning “salt” and includes strictly halophytes.  Salicornia species thrive in littoral and coastal salt marsh or in inland salt pans, forming distinct vegetation types subjected to different flooding regimes with brackish-to-saline water (depending on tidal influences) and usually composed of almost monospecific plant communities; in general,  annual Salicornia occur in the innermost parts of the salt marshes, subject to longer periods of submersion. Asssregards their taxonomy, two series have been traditionally identified, diploid and tetraploid, each of them with numerous species and micro-species. Only three entities are recognized in the Mediterranean: Salicornia procumbens subsp. procumbens (tetraploid, distributed along Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts and including Salicornia emerici, Salicornia veneta and Salicornia dolichostachya), Salicornia perennans subsp. perennans (diploid, with Mediterranean and Eurasian distribution, including Salicornia patula) and Salicornia europaea subsp. europaea (diploid, western Mediterranean). They are almost all of food interest, because of herbaceous in consistency, and the tender tips of the young branches, that are harvested during summer and thean prepared i numerous  recipes based on geographic area of interest. Being therophytes, the only method of propagation is by the generative way (from seeds). Salicornia sp. pl. is cultivated on a commercial scale in Israel and in Mexico, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and India. In many parts of the Europe, the use of this halophyte is mainly based on the harvesting of wild plants, while only in the Netherlands, Portugal and France are the plants of Salicornia sp. pl. cultivated. In Italy, the first attempts of S. patula cultivation for family consumption started over 40 years ago in the gardens located around the Lesina lagoon (Apulia, Southern Italy). Like other halophilic species, even in glassworts the stress of the alkaline environment induces the synthesis of metabolites that can be useful to humans for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
2-Oxocarboxylic Acids
Atmospheric organic aerosols play a major role in climate, demanding a better understanding of their formation mechanisms by contributing multiphase chemical reactions with the participation of water. The sunlight driven aqueous photochemistry of small 2-oxocarboxylic acids is a potential major source of organic aerosol, which prompted the investigations into the mechanisms of glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid photochemistry reviewed here. While 2-oxocarboxylic acids can be contained or directly created in the particles, the majorities of these abundant and available molecules are in the gas phase and must first undergo the surface uptake process to react in, and on the surface, of aqueous particles.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Salt, Sugar and Hypertension
The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is multifactorial, one of the components being represented by incorrect eating habits. In particular, excessive salt and sugar intake can contribute to the onset of hypertension in children, particularly in subjects with excess weight. The recent modification of dietary styles and the current very wide availability of salt and sugar has led to an exponential increase in the consumption of these two nutrients. The dietary intake of salt and sugar in children is in fact much higher than that recommended by health agencies. The purpose of the entry is to explore the relationship between an excessive dietary intake of salt and sugar and the onset of arterial hypertension in children  and to show the most important clinical studies that demonstrate the association between these two nutrients and arterial hypertension in pediatric age.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
IRDS Genes: Interfaces and Pathways
Interferon (IFN)-related DNA damage resistant signature (IRDS) genes are a subgroup of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) found upregulated in different cancer types, which promotes resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Engineering Microbial Consortia towards Bioremediation
Engineering microbial consortia is an effective way for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants. In the study, we discussed the molecular and ecological mechanisms of engineering microbial consortia with a particular focus on metabolic cross-feeding within species and the transfer of metabolites. Besides, the advantages and limitations of top-down and bottom-up approaches of engineering microbial consortia were discussed, together with their applications in bioremediation.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Certified Engineering Technologist
Certified Engineering Technologist is a Canadian professional title awarded on the basis of academic qualification and work experience. Abbreviated as C.E.T., most Canadian provincial engineering and applied science technology associations offer this certification. Certification is voluntary and does not represent a provincial regulatory requirement or a statutory required license.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Methods to Establish a 3D Cell Culture
The clear potential of three-dimensional (3D) systems to provide new models suitable for studying cell interactions in both basic and more specialized research, revolutionizing cell culture technology, and offering alternative methods for animal experimentation, has prompted the scientific community to develop different efficient methods to establish 3D cell cultures, all of which, in turn, affect 3D model characteristics. These techniques can be divided into two major categories: scaffold-free systems and scaffold-based systems. Scaffold-free systems are based on the self-aggregation capability of some cell types, which can be encouraged using specific cell plates and/or physical parameters that avoid cell attachment. On the other hand, in scaffold-based systems, cells are seeded in natural or synthetic materials, allowing cell proliferation, aggregation, and 3D organization.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology
Osteoporosis is a major public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and resulting in significant economic costs. The condition is characterized by changes in bone homeostasis, which lead to reduced bone mass, impaired bone quality, and an increased risk of fractures. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis is complex and multifactorial, involving imbalances in hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying osteoporosis is essential for appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Beretta M1951
The Beretta M1951 is a 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol, developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s by Pietro Beretta S.p.A. of Italy. The pistol was produced strictly for military use and was introduced into service with the Italian Armed Forces and security forces as the Modello 1951 (M1951), replacing the Modello 1934 pistol, chambered for the 9×17mm Short (.380 ACP) cartridge.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Weight of Polyamides
Polyamides (PAs) undergo local environmental degradation, leading to a decline in their mechanical properties over time. PAs can experience various forms of degradation, such as thermal degradation, oxidation, hydrothermal oxidation, UV oxidation, and hydrolysis. In order to better comprehend the degradation process of PAs, it is crucial to understand each of these degradation mechanisms individually.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Manipulating Dream Experience
Dreaming, or sleep mentation, is an intriguing experience occurring during any human sleep stages. It can happen many times per night and is characterized by different degrees of emotional intensity, bizarreness, visual vividness, and narrative complexity. Mental activity during sleep and wakefulness shared similar neural bases. On the other side, recent studies have highlighted that dream experience is promoted by significant brain activation, characterized by reduced low frequencies and increased rapid frequencies. Additionally, several studies confirmed that the posterior parietal area and prefrontal cortex are responsible for dream experience.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Membrane Vesicles
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called “secretion system type zero”), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant N-Heterocycles
N-heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated, are ubiquitous biologically active molecules that are extremely appealing scaffolds in drug discovery programs. Although classical synthetic methods have been developed to access many relevant N-heterocyclic scaffolds, representing well-established and reliable routes, some do not meet the needs of sustainability. In this context, several advances have been made towards the sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles.
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biosociology
Biosociology is an emerging discipline that needs to be well understood and presents many challenges. This research approach shares biological and sociological theories and concepts. However, for many sociologists, the use of biology in the social domain reminds them of fascism or social darwinism. Therefore, biosociology needs to move away from these misinterpretations and focus on generating new methods and perspectives that will move the discipline forward.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Capa Vehicle
A capacitor vehicle or capa vehicle is a traction vehicle that uses supercapacitors (also called ultracapacitors) to store electricity. (As of 2010), the best ultracapacitors can only store about 5% of the energy that lithium-ion rechargeable batteries can, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as a general energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But ultracapacitors can charge much faster than batteries, so in vehicles such as buses that have to stop frequently at known points where charging facilities can be provided, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors becomes viable
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Otter Civet
The Otter Civet, scientifically known as Cynogale bennettii, is a unique and elusive mammal belonging to the Viverridae family. Endemic to Southeast Asia, particularly in regions such as Borneo and Sumatra, the Otter Civet is characterized by its sleek, otter-like appearance and semi-aquatic lifestyle. Despite its intriguing features, this species remains relatively understudied, adding to its enigmatic nature and highlighting the importance of continued research and conservation efforts.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ustilago Maydis
Ustilago maydis is a smut fungus that infects all aerial maize organs, namely, seedling leaves, tassels, and ears.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Jasmonic Acid Signaling
Jasmonic acid (JA), a lipid-derived molecule, plays an essential function in controlling many different plant developmental and stress responses.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Cisplatin Resistance in Germ Cell Tumors
Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are highly curable malignancies. Excellent survival rates in patients with metastatic disease can be attributed to the exceptional sensitivity of GCTs to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This hypersensitivity is probably related to alterations in the DNA repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage, and an excessive apoptotic response. However, chemotherapy fails due to the development of cisplatin resistance in a proportion of patients, who are then considered “platinum-refractory”. 
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Babbling
Babbling is a stage in child development and a state in language acquisition during which an infant appears to be experimenting with uttering articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words. Babbling begins shortly after birth and progresses through several stages as the infant's repertoire of sounds expands and vocalizations become more speech-like. Infants typically begin to produce recognizable words when they are around 12 months of age, though babbling may continue for some time afterward. Babbling can be seen as a precursor to language development or simply as vocal experimentation. The physical structures involved in babbling are still being developed in the first year of a child's life. This continued physical development is responsible for some of the changes in abilities and variations of sound babies can produce. Abnormal developments such as certain medical conditions, developmental delays, and hearing impairments may interfere with a child's ability to babble normally. Though there is still disagreement about the uniqueness of language to humans, babbling is not unique to the human species.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
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