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Topic Review
Drug Delivery by Buccal/Sublingual Microenvironmental pH Modification
Many drug candidates are poorly water-soluble. Microenvironmental pH (pHM) modification in buccal/sublingual dosage forms has attracted increasing interest as a promising pharmaceutical strategy to enhance the oral mucosal absorption of drugs with pH-dependent solubility. Optimizing drug absorption at the oral mucosa using pHM modification is considered to be a compromise between drug solubility and drug lipophilicity (Log D)/permeation. To create a desired pHM around formulations during the dissolution process, a suitable amount of pH modifiers should be added in the formulations, and the appropriate methods of pHM measurement are required. 
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Determination of Cholesterol (C27H46O) Levels in Foods
Cholesterol (C27H46O) is a lipid-derived substance found in lipoproteins and cell membranes. It is also one of the main sources for the production of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Today, foods are evaluated by consumers not only according to their taste and nutritional content but also according to their effects on consumer health. For example, many consumers choose foods according to their cholesterol level. The cholesterol in the food can directly affect the blood cholesterol level when consumed, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases. High levels of cholesterol can lead to diet-related human diseases such as cardiac arrest, paralysis, type II diabetes, and cerebral hemorrhage. In societies with high living standards, interest in and consumption of foods that lower or have low cholesterol levels have increased recently. Accordingly, efforts to increase the variety of foods with reduced cholesterol levels are on the rise. This has indirectly led to the accurate measurement of cholesterol levels in blood and food being of great importance. Classical chemical, enzymatic, colorimetric, polarographic, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric methods; enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and electrochemical sensors; and biosensors are used for the determination of cholesterol in foods. 
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Caspian Seal
The Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica) is a unique marine mammal native to the Caspian Sea, the world's largest inland body of water. Renowned for its distinctive appearance and adaptation to brackish water habitats, this seal species faces numerous threats to its survival, including habitat degradation, pollution, and overfishing. As one of the few seal species inhabiting a landlocked environment, the Caspian Seal plays a crucial ecological role in maintaining the balance of the Caspian Sea ecosystem.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hoya
Hoya is a genus of 200–300 species of tropical plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. Most are native to several countries of Asia such as China , India , Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. There is a great diversity of species in the Philippines , and species in Polynesia, New Guinea, and Australia . Common names for this genus are waxplant, waxvine, waxflower or simply hoya. This genus was named by botanist Robert Brown, in honour of his friend, botanist Thomas Hoy.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Generalities about Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabis sativa L. is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. This plant species has many vernacular names and is known by many people as marijuana and hemp. Despite being native to Central Asia, this plant’s capacity of adaption to different climates lead to its spread all over the world. The Cannabis genus is composed of a single specie named “sativa”, which regroup several subspecies or varieties including Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa, Cannabis sativa ssp. indica, Cannabis sativa ssp. ruderalis and Cannabis sativa ssp. afghanica. However, there is still controversy among the scientific community about the sub-classification of Cannabis species and varieties. Cannabis sativa L. is one of the plants that have been used by humankind since antiquity, and many historians reported the different uses of this plant around the world. 
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Long-tailed Weasel
The Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata) is a slender and agile carnivore found across North and Central America, characterized by its distinctive long body and tail. With a keen sense of smell and excellent hunting skills, the Long-tailed Weasel primarily preys on small mammals such as rodents, rabbits, and voles. Its adaptable nature allows it to thrive in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and agricultural areas, where it plays a vital role in controlling rodent populations.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Zinc
Zinc is an important micronutrient and is required for cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, and development. It takes part in the maintenance of homeostasis, DNA synthesis, RNA transcription, cell division, and activation. It is also involved in immune responses, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and aging. Its deficiency was found to increase the levels of lipid peroxidation in the mitochondrial and microsomal membrane and the osmotic fragility of the erythrocyte membrane.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer in History
Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the world. Despite abundant traces of an ancient history, the comprehension of its pathogenic mechanisms is rather recent and continuously updated. We investigated about how the ancient civilizations tried to understand the exactly physiopathology of gastric cancer, from the time when they could not examine deeply the histological and pathophysiologic aspects of the disease, but they just based their knowledge on a visual analysis of the signs and consequences of such disease. We examined the historical evolving knowledge of the disease along the centuries on the gastroenterological, pharmacological, and surgical fields, defining how gastric cancer became an increasingly curable disease.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Documented Skeletal Collections in the United States
In the US, documented skeletal collections are a collective of human skeletons that originated (mostly) from body donations, human taphonomy facilities (e.g., the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection), and anatomical dissections (e.g., Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection). These collections are a major asset in the testing and development of methods used to infer the biological profile of human remains.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Applications for Nanotechnology in Endodontics
Nanotechnology has been utilized in several different parts of dentistry. Nanomaterials can be employed as irrigation, intracanal medicament, obturation materials and sealers.
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
C-to-U RNA Editing
The restoration of genetic code by editing mutated genes is a potential method for the treatment of genetic diseases/disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by the point mutations of thymine (T) to cytidine (C) or guanosine (G) to adenine (A), for which gene editing (editing of mutated genes) is a promising therapeutic technique. In C-to-Uridine (U) RNA editing, it converts the base C-to-U in RNA molecules and leads to nonsynonymous changes when occurring in coding regions; for G-to-A mutations, A-to-I editing occurs. Editing of C-to-U is not as physiologically common as that of A-to-I editing.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Radar Configurations and Types
Radar configurations and types is an article about listing the different uses of radars.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biodegradable Materials and Polymer Composites with Natural Fillers
Biodegradable materials are natural materials and their properties are relatively inferior to those of non-biodegradable materials. Biofibre reinforcement or blending with other biodegradable products has proven to be an effective way to reduce the cost and brittleness of some commonly used polymers to produce a fully biodegradable composite. PLA and ABS polymers are standard materials used as base materials in composites due to their low cost, easy availability and good mechanical properties. Inorganic or organic materials such as glass, carbon fibres, silicon, ceramics or metals have been used in research to date. 
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Organosiloxane Telechelics by Anionic Ring-opening Polymerization
Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) telechelics are important both in industry and in academic research. They are used both in the free state and as part of copolymers and cross-linked materials. The most important, practically used, and well-studied method for the preparation of such PDMS is diorganosiloxane ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of nucleophilic or electrophilic initiators. Anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) under the action of various nucleophilic reagents is widely used for the synthesis of high molecular weight polydiorganosiloxane telechelics with various organic surroundings of the siloxane chain. In the process of cyclosiloxane opening and chain growth, side processes may occur: depolymerization due to the breaking of the linear chain by the active center (backbiting reaction) with the formation of low molecular weight cyclic products, and chain transfer reaction, in which the terminal active site attacks the siloxane bond of another polymer chain, leading to a redistribution of macromolecules, which is also called equilibration
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal disease that presents an estimated incidence of 1.3 cases per million per year, with a prevalence of 15.9 cases per million. It is characterized by hemolysis, bone marrow dysfunction with peripheral blood cytopenia, hypercoagulability, thrombosis, renal impairment and arterial and pulmonary hypertension. Hemolysis and subsequent hemosiderin accumulation in tubular epithelium cells induce tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis.
  • 2.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Abundance of Mycoplankton and Its Ecological Role
Mycoplankton are saprophytic organisms in plankton communities in marine and freshwater ecosystems. They consist of filamentous free-living fungi and yeasts associated with planktonic particles or phytoplankton. Similar to planktonic bacteria, these aquatic fungi play important roles in heterotrophic mineralization and nutrient cycling. Planktonic bacteria can be up to 20 mm in diameter and over 50 mm in length
  • 2.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. 
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Community-Based Tourism in Central Asia
Community-based tourism (CBT) is conceived as a form of relatively low-scale tourism that is managed by a group of locally owned businesses to benefit the community and, in some cases, contribute to conservation (when taking place in or near protected areas) . It is marketed as a means of enhancing livelihoods and creating opportunities for community development and is defined as being in, owned, and managed by the community, which receives a sizable portion of the benefits.
  • 2.2K
  • 26 Jul 2022
Biography
Peter Goldreich
Peter Goldreich (born July 14, 1939) is an United States astrophysicist whose research focuses on celestial mechanics, planetary rings, helioseismology and neutron stars.[1] He is currently the Lee DuBridge Professor of Astrophysics and Planetary Physics at California Institute of Technology. Since 2005 he has also been a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[2]
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hepacivirus C
Hepacivirus C (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The Hepacivirus C is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Dec 2022
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