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Topic Review
Flavonols on Cognitive Functions in Diabetic Animals
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease associated with reduced synaptic plasticity, atrophy of the hippocampus, and cognitive decline. Cognitive impairment results from several pathological mechanisms, including increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors, prolonged oxidative stress and impaired activity of endogenous mechanisms of antioxidant defense, neuroinflammation driven by the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and disturbance of signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and cognitive functioning. Flavonols, a highly abundant class of flavonoids in the human diet, are appreciated as a potential pharmacological intervention against cognitive decline in diabetes. 
  • 555
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Dietary Components on Mood and Cognition
A growing body of literature suggests dietary components can support mood and cognitive function through the impact of their bioactive or sensorial properties on neural pathways. Of interest, objective measures of the autonomic nervous system—such as those regulating bodily functions related to heartbeat and sweating—can be used to assess the acute effects of dietary components on mood and cognitive function. Technological advancements in the development of portable and wearable devices have made it possible to collect autonomic responses in real-world settings, creating an opportunity to study how the intake of dietary components impacts mood and cognitive function at an individual level, day-to-day. 
  • 554
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Glaucoma as a Tauopathy
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder affecting the visual system which can result in vision loss and blindness. Tauopathies represent a subclass of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the abnormal deposition of tau protein within the brain and consequent microtubule destabilization. Studies have witnessed emerging documentation of tau inclusion among glaucoma patients, providing substantiation that this ocular disease may similarly manifest features of tauopathies. These studies found that: (i) aggregated tau inclusions are present in the somatodendritic compartment of RGCs in glaucoma patients; (ii) the etiology of the disease may affect tau splicing, phosphorylation, oligomerization, and subcellular localization; and (iii) short interfering RNA against tau, administered intraocularly, significantly decreased retinal tau accumulation and enhanced RGC somas and axon survival, demonstrating a crucial role for tau modifications in ocular hypertension-induced neuronal injury. 
  • 553
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Anxiety and Depression in Children with Chronic Headache
It has been observed that there is a higher-than-expected risk of anxiety and depression in children with chronic headache and also an increased risk for the persistence of headache in patients with anxiety and depression. The relationship between chronic headache and psychological co-morbidities is complex, interrelated and bi-directional. The close relationship between the disorders is evident in patients attending clinics with chronic headache, but it is also observed in population-based studies. The evidence for the co-existence of these disorders and the possible shared pathophysiologic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics are illustrated. 
  • 552
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Modeling Central Nervous System Injury In Vitro
The central nervous system (CNS) injury, which occurs because of mechanical trauma or ischemia/hypoxia, is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern society. Due to some ethical issues with the use of live animals in biomedical research, implementation of experimental strategies that prioritize the use of cells and tissues in the in vitro environment has been encouraged. Implementation of experimental strategies that prioritize the use of cells and tissues in the in vitro environment has significantly reduced the number of in vivo studies. In vitro studies certainly have some advantages compared to in vivo experiments, e.g., they allow high-throughput screening of therapeutic approaches, including the use of cells with human-based backgrounds. However, they still cannot completely replicate the complex intricacies of a living organism’s response to disease or injury as well as to therapeutics. This is something that is particularly true in neuroscience research and one of the main reasons why the neuroprotective strategies, which have been proven promising in the preclinical setting, overall failed to show benefits in human studies.
  • 551
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Network Involvement in Motor Symptoms
Motor symptoms dominate the clinical expression of PD. Muscular rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, gait instability, and resting tremor form the core of the motor symptoms. The concept of “parkinsonism” encompasses all motor impairments. For the clinical diagnosis, parkinsonism is defined as bradykinesia accompanied by resting tremor, rigidity, or both. Dopamine (DA) loss secondary to degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) initiates parkinsonism by causing impaired modulatory function in the motor network.
  • 548
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Neurobiology in Head and Neck Cancer
The neurobiology of tumors has attracted considerable interest from clinicians and scientists and has become a multidisciplinary area of research. Neural components not only interact with tumor cells but also influence other elements within the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as immune cells and vascular components, forming a polygonal relationship to synergistically facilitate tumor growth and progression. 
  • 545
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neuromodulation for Craniofacial Pain and Headaches
Headaches and facial pain are highly prevalent diseases but are often difficult to treat. Though there have been significant advances in medical management, many continue to suffer from refractory pain. Neuromodulation has been gaining interest for its therapeutic purposes in many chronic pain conditions, including headaches and facial pain. There are many potential targets of neuromodulation for headache and facial pain, and some have more robust evidence in favor of their use than others.
  • 539
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SCT in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders
Stem cell-based therapies (SCT) may hold greater promise in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s Disease (PD), atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD). Initial randomized trials, particularly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been promising, but further research is required to determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this novel approach. 
  • 535
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Auditory Mismatch Responses and Speech Perception Development
Auditory Mismatch Responses (MMR), as the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Late Discriminative Negativity (LDN), change from birth to adulthood, reflecting auditory and brain maturation and language experience. Throughout development, the MMR can present a different polarity, latency, amplitude, and scalp distribution than the adult MMN/LDN. In addition, conventional ERP analysis can be complemented with time–frequency analysis (TF) to preserver non-stimulus locked neural activity, which is abundant in paediatric EEG. Although TF analysis is less popular in the MMN research field, it may help further our understanding of how speech perception develops in early childhood and in clinical populations in particular, as children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD).
  • 532
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Headache and Other Pain Syndromes in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and progressive neurological disease, with an important socio-economic burden. Over time, an increased incidence of headaches like migraines and tension headaches has been observed among these patients. Headaches have not been considered as multiple sclerosis-related symptoms, even representing a red flag for multiple sclerosis diagnosis. 
  • 531
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles from Mammalian Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases
A growing number of studies have indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Components of EVs with biological effects like proteins, nucleic acids, or other molecules can be delivered to recipient cells to mediate physio-/pathological processes. For instance, some aggregate-prone proteins, such as β-amyloid and α-synuclein, had been found to propagate through exosomes. Therefore, either an increase of detrimental molecules or a decrease of beneficial molecules enwrapped in EVs may fully or partly indicate disease progression. 
  • 531
  • 02 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Symptoms and Neurological Manifestations among COVID-19 Patients
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, has sparked a global pandemic with its airborne transmission and ability to infect with asymptomatic patients. The disease state, including its pneumonia-like symptoms, is called COVID-19, as it was a coronavirus discovered in 2019. The pathophysiology is thought to relate to the binding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the body. These receptors are widely expressed in various body organs such as the lungs, the heart, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the brain.
  • 530
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Analysis for Glioma Diagnosis
Gliomas are the most common primary tumors within the central nervous system (CNS), known for their significant genetic and epigenetic diversity, difficulties in monitoring, and elevated rates of relapse and mortality. Traditional tissue biopsy has long been the standard method for collecting and analyzing tumor cells, facilitating diagnosis, categorization of tumor subtypes, and prognosis prediction when the tumor's location is confirmed for surgical removal. Nonetheless, this approach is invasive and often challenging, making it unsuitable for routine patient screening, mutation detection, disease monitoring, or therapy resistance assessment. Consequently, a minimally invasive alternative known as liquid biopsy has emerged, providing a simpler means of tumor sampling and continuous monitoring. Liquid biopsy is increasingly recognized as an innovative and preferred method for obtaining rapid insights into potential tumor risk, personalized diagnosis, prognosis, and recurrence assessment.
  • 530
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Loss of Consciousness Predicts Development of mTBI Symptoms
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a condition caused by a blow or jolt to the head. TBI may be classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on several criteria, including the duration of loss of consciousness (LOC), when present. While the majority of mild TBI (mTBI) patients recover without intervention, a subset of patients experience persistent and debilitating symptoms. Therefore, prediction of symptom development in mTBI patients remains an ongoing research goal. LOC is associated with adverse outcomes after mTBI, such as cognitive and memory deficits; psychiatric disorders; physical symptoms; and brain abnormalities associated with the aforementioned impairments.
  • 528
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Hydrocephalus in Stroke
Hydrocephalus is a dilatation of the brain ventricular system by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricle caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation or clearance.
  • 527
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents
In pediatric neurology, tension-type headache (TTH) represents a very common type of primary headache during the pediatric age. Despite the high prevalence of TTH, this diagnosis is often underestimated in childhood, with relevant difficulties in the differential diagnosis of TTH from secondary and primary headache manifestations. Even among primary headaches, a clinical overlap is not so infrequent in children: migraine attacks could present tension headache-like features while tension-type headaches may display migraine-like symptoms as well. Several variables play a role in the complex trajectory of headache evolution, such as hormonal changes during adolescence, triggers and genetic and epigenetic factors. 
  • 526
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Gravitational Ischemia in the Brain
The physiological mechanisms for releasing and resolving gravitational ischemia in the brain, and their susceptibility to malfunction, may play an important role in a variety of neurological illnesses. An astronaut on a space walk in a micro-gravity environment may be susceptible to neuro-ocular symptoms associated with unopposed gravity-resistance mechanisms for partially preventing gravitational ischemia in the brain, and for attenuating its impact—mechanisms which may be required for normal brain physiology on Earth. Astronauts on the International Space Station typically breathe a mixture of gasses similar in composition to what they breathed on Earth, following the 1967 death of three astronauts, including Ed White, by fire on the Apollo 1 spacecraft, which was carrying 100% oxygen.
  • 526
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Astrocyte Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. While neuronal dysfunction is central to PD, astrocytes also play important roles, both positive and negative, and such roles have not yet been fully explored. 
  • 526
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Multiple Sclerosis Development
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, contribute to long-term systemic toxic stress and inflammation that may last well into adulthood. Such early-life stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in observational studies and with the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animal models. ACEs dysregulate neurodevelopment, stress responses, and immune reactivity; they also alter the interplay between the immune system and neural networks. All of this may be relevant for MS risk. 
  • 526
  • 18 Feb 2024
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