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Topic Review
Combinatory Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (c-aPDT)
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics to combat localized infections. Thanks to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers and the many possible combinations with other antimicrobial treatments, aPDT is evolving from a conceptually simple methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bioelectricity in Living Organisms
Biomolecular recognition is approached within the establishment of coherent synchronizations among signaling players, whose physical nature can be equated to oscillators tending to the coherent synchronization of their vibrational modes. Cytoskeletal elements are now emerging as senders and receivers of physical signals, “shaping” biological identity from the cellular to the tissue/organ levels.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Acetyl Zingerone
The cumulative damage skin sustains from exposure to environmental stressors throughout life exerts significant effects on skin aging and cancer development. One of the main ways by which environmental stressors mediate their effects within skin is through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Organosiloxane Telechelics by Anionic Ring-opening Polymerization
Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) telechelics are important both in industry and in academic research. They are used both in the free state and as part of copolymers and cross-linked materials. The most important, practically used, and well-studied method for the preparation of such PDMS is diorganosiloxane ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of nucleophilic or electrophilic initiators. Anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) under the action of various nucleophilic reagents is widely used for the synthesis of high molecular weight polydiorganosiloxane telechelics with various organic surroundings of the siloxane chain. In the process of cyclosiloxane opening and chain growth, side processes may occur: depolymerization due to the breaking of the linear chain by the active center (backbiting reaction) with the formation of low molecular weight cyclic products, and chain transfer reaction, in which the terminal active site attacks the siloxane bond of another polymer chain, leading to a redistribution of macromolecules, which is also called equilibration
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Dream Yoga
Dream yoga or Milam (Tibetan: རྨི་ལམ་རྣལ་འབྱོར་, Wylie: rmi lam rnal 'byor, THL: milam naljor; Sanskrit: स्वप्नदर्शन, svapnadarśana)—the Yoga of the Dream State—is a suite of advanced tantric sadhana of the entwined Mantrayana lineages of Dzogchen (Nyingmapa, Ngagpa, Mahasiddha, Kagyu and Bönpo). Dream yoga consists of tantric processes and techniques within the trance Bardos of Dream and Sleep (Standard Tibetan: mi-lam bardo) Six Yogas of Naropa. In the tradition of the tantra, the dream yoga method is usually passed on by a qualified teacher to his/her students after necessary initiation. Various Tibetan lamas are unanimous that it is more of a passing of an enlightened experience rather than any textual information. In a footnote on 'Zhitro' (Tibetan: zhi khro) Namdak & Dixey, et al. (2002: p. 124) identify that the 'dream body' and the 'bardo body' is the 'vision body' (Tibetan: yid lus):
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Homoscedasticity
In statistics, a sequence (or a vector) of random variables is homoscedastic/ˌhoʊmoʊskəˈdæstɪk/ if all its random variables have the same finite variance. This is also known as homogeneity of variance. The complementary notion is called heteroscedasticity. The spellings homoskedasticity and heteroskedasticity are also frequently used. Assuming a variable is homoscedastic when in reality it is heteroscedastic (/ˌhɛtəroʊskəˈdæstɪk/) results in unbiased but inefficient point estimates and in biased estimates of standard errors, and may result in overestimating the goodness of fit as measured by the Pearson coefficient.
  • 2.1K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biological Properties of Anthocyanin Pigments in Blood Oranges
Anthocyanins are natural pigments that give a red, purple, and blue color to many plant, flower, fruit, and vegetable species. Their presence within the genus Citrus was first reported in 1916, and it is well-known that the red color of the flesh and rind of blood (red or pigmented) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is due to the presence of anthocyanins. They are also present in the young shoots, flowers, and peel of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.), citron (Citrus medica L.), and other citrus species. 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial DNA
Increasing evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations represent a possible cause and this mechanism might be shared with the aging process and with other age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have recently proposed a computerized method for mutated mtDNA characterization able to discriminate between AD and aging. Dealing with mtDNA mutation-based profiling of neurodegenerative disease(s), peripheral blood mtDNA sequences from late-onset PD patients and age-matched controls were analyzed and compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). The chaos game representation (CGR) method, modified to visualize heteroplasmic mutations, was used to display fractal properties of mtDNA sequences and fractal lacunarity analysis was applied to quantitatively characterize PD based on mtDNA mutations. Parameter β, from the hyperbola model function of our lacunarity method, was statistically different between PD and control groups when comparing mtDNA sequence frames corresponding to GenBank np 5713-9713. Our original method, based on CGR and lacunarity analysis, represents a useful tool to analyze mtDNA mutations. Lacunarity parameter β is able to characterize individual mutation profile of mitochondrial genome and could represent a promising index to discriminate between PD and aging.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Itxasol© in Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a health problem of the first magnitude since they affect large segments of the population, cause increased mortality and comorbidity, and have a high incidence of relapse. Therefore, UTIs cause a major socioeconomic concern. Current antibiotic treatments have various limitations such as the appearance of resistance to antibiotics, nephrotoxicity, and side effects such as gastrointestinal problems including microbiota alterations that contribute to increasing antibiotic resistance. In this context, Itxasol© has emerged, approved as an adjuvant for the treatment of UTIs. Designed with biomimetic principles, it is composed of arbutin, umbelliferon, and N-acetyl cysteine.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pseudobulbar Affect
Pseudobulbar affect (PBA), or emotional incontinence, is a type of emotional disturbance characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying, laughing, anger or other emotional displays. PBA occurs secondary to a neurologic disorder or brain injury. Patients may find themselves crying uncontrollably at something that is only moderately sad, being unable to stop themselves for several minutes. Episodes may also be mood-incongruent: a patient may laugh uncontrollably when angry or frustrated, for example. Sometimes, the episodes may switch between emotional states, resulting in the patient crying uncontrollably before dissolving into fits of laughter. The pseudobulbar affect, also referred to as emotional lability, should not be confused with labile mood or labile emotions that stem from emotional instability – affective dysregulation – commonly seen in personality disorders.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Alginate Application in Drug Delivery
Alginates are generally used in the food, beverage, cosmetic, paper, textile printing, and pharmaceutical industries. They have been utilized as stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifiers, and hydration and gelling agents. The main use of alginate in the biomedical industry is mainly focused on hydrogels used in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue regeneration. The broad range of applications is due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and relatively low-cost consumption, and structural similarity to the extracellular matrices of living tissue.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Undecidability and Quantum Mechanics
Recently, great attention has been devoted to the problem of the undecidability of specific questions in quantum mechanics. In this context, it has been shown that the problem of the existence of a spectral gap, i.e., energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state, is algorithmically undecidable. Using this result herein proves that the existence of a quantum phase transition, as inferred from specific microscopic approaches, is an undecidable problem, too. Indeed, some methods, usually adopted to study quantum phase transitions, rely on the existence of a spectral gap. Since there exists no algorithm to determine whether an arbitrary quantum model is gapped or gapless, and there exist models for which the presence or absence of a spectral gap is independent of the axioms of mathematics, it infers that the existence of quantum phase transitions is an undecidable problem. 
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Protonotary Apostolic
In the Roman Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic (PA, Latin protonotarius apostolicus) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in the Roman Curia or, outside Rome, an honorary prelate on whom the Pope has conferred this title and its special privileges. An example is Prince Georg of Bavaria (1880–1943) who became in 1926 Protonotary by papal decree.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ionized Water
A water ionizer (also known as an alkaline ionizer) is a home appliance which claims to raise the pH of drinking water by using electrolysis to separate the incoming water stream into acidic and alkaline components. The alkaline stream of the treated water is called alkaline water. Proponents claim that consumption of alkaline water results in a variety of health benefits, making it similar to the alternative health practice of alkaline diets. Such claims violate basic principles of chemistry and physiology. There is no medical evidence for any health benefits of alkaline water. Extensive scientific evidence has completely debunked these claims. The machines originally became popular in Japan and other East Asian countries before becoming available in the United States and Europe.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Food Supply Chain Enchanced by Industry 5.0 Technologies
The consequences of a crisis for a society depend on the level of society preparedness for the crisis, infrastructure in place, and training and skills of people engaged. The technologies (e.g., IoE, CC, blockchain, AI, DT, and 6G) of Industry 5.0 are yet to be fully explored and exploited in ensuring the resilience and sustainability of food systems. Therefore, this research sketches out a complete concept of a food system using Industry 5.0 technologies, and the main focus has been given to the use of 6G, AI, blockchain, and digital twin (DT) at different processes from production to distribution and retail to help optimize the food supply chain and thwart any possible disruption thereof.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Normal Bone Marrow Microenvironment
The bone marrow is responsible for providing the body with a constant supply of millions of circulating blood cells and platelets. Haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are rare, self-renewing, multipotent progenitors that produce all types of these blood cells via haematopoiesis. Maintaining these HSPCs requires key signals and interactions with both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells within the bone marrow microenvironment. Understanding these cellular communications may provide insight into haematological diseases and uncover better strategies for treatment. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
N-Type Organic Semiconductors
This work was intended to enlarge the gates toward green organic technologies at room temperature, searching for new types of semiconductors with low toxicity and simple molecular organization. In our previous studies, para-aminobenzoic acid was used to construct a p-type green semiconductor. A non-toxic organic compound, acting as an electron donor, is sulpho-salicylic acid. SSA can be efficiently attached to the external shell of a ferrite (Fe3O4) nanocore, providing Fe3O4–SSA nanoparticles. This is a N-Type Organic Semiconductor - made by green technologies and used to construct a simple thin film transistor. 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Composite Electromagnetic Shielding Applications
With advancements in the automated industry, electromagnetic inferences (EMI) have been increasing over time, causing major distress among the end-users and affecting electronic appliances. The issue is not new and major work has been done, but unfortunately, the issue has not been fully eliminated.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
KPI Anomaly Detection
Anomaly detection is the foundation of intelligent operation and maintenance (O&M), and detection objects are evaluated by key performance indicators (KPIs). For almost all computer O&M systems, KPIs are usually the machine-level operating data. Moreover, these high-frequency KPIs show a non-Gaussian distribution and are hard to model, i.e., they are intricate KPI profiles. However, existing anomaly detection techniques are incapable of adapting to intricate KPI profiles. In order to enhance the performance under intricate KPI profiles, a seasonal adaptive KPI anomaly detection algorithm ASAD (Adaptive Seasonality Anomaly Detection) was presented. 
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of Version Control Software
The following is a comparison of version control software. The following tables include general and technical information on notable version control and software configuration management (SCM) software. For SCM software not suitable for source code, see Comparison of open source configuration management software.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
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