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Topic Review
Signaling Pathway-Mediated Strategies for Plant Thermotolerance
Cell membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids, which are elastic and semi-permeable membranes with a thickness of 7-8 nm. For animal cells, the outer side of the membrane is in contact with the external environment. Its main functions are to selectively exchange substances, absorb nutrients, excrete metabolic waste, secrete and transport proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refer to the general term for oxygen-containing free radicals and peroxides that are easily formed in organisms related to oxygen metabolism. Examples include peroxides, superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and α-oxygen. Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional protein that is widely present in various eukaryotic cells and can bind to calcium ions. Calmodulin participates in various intracellular signaling pathways and plays a key role in Ca2+ dependent signaling pathways. It is a dynamic Ca2+ sensor that can respond to a wide range of Ca2+ concentrations and transmit signals downstream. Heat shock transcription factors (HSF) usually exist in non-stressed cells as monomers and bind to a small number of heat shock proteins. Under heat stress, they dissociate from the heat shock proteins, polymerize from monomers into trimers, move to the nucleus, and bind to the promoter sequence upstream of the heat shock gene to initiate the transcription activity of the gene, leading to an increase in heat shock proteins and thus protecting other proteins.
  • 631
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Distribution C Proteins in Plants
The family of Nuclear Distribution C (NudC) proteins plays a pivotal and evolutionarily conserved role in all eukaryotes. These proteins influence vital cellular processes like cell division, protein folding, nuclear migration and positioning, intracellular transport, and stress response. 
  • 631
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Eliminating Contamination and Seed Germination
Owing to their minuscule size, nanoparticles (NPs) acquire novel and unique properties that differ from their bulkier counterparts, giving rise to breakthrough technology with application-based solutions in many sectors of agriculture and plant biotechnology. 
  • 629
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
scATAC-seq in Plants
The Single-cell Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high throughput sequencing (scATAC-seq) has gained increasing popularity in recent years, allowing for chromatin accessibility to be deciphered and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) to be inferred at single-cell resolution. This cutting-edge technology now enables the genome-wide profiling of chromatin accessibility at the cellular level and the capturing of cell-type-specific cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that are masked by cellular heterogeneity in bulk assays. Additionally, it can also facilitate the identification of rare and new cell types based on differences in chromatin accessibility and charting of cellular developmental trajectories within lineage-related cell clusters. Due to technical challenges and limitations, the data generated from scATAC-seq exhibits unique features, often characterized by high sparsity and noise, even within the same cell type. To address these challenges, various bioinformatic tools have been developed. Furthermore, the application of scATAC-seq in plant science is still in its infancy, with most research focusing on root tissues and model plant species.
  • 628
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of RONSS on the Biostimulation of Plant
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and H2S-reactive sulfur species (RSS) collectively termed reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (RONSS), constitute a conglomerate of reactions that function as an energy dissipation mechanism, in addition to allowing environmental signals to be transduced into cellular information. This information, in the form of proteins with posttranslational modifications or signaling metabolites derived from RONSS, serves as an inducer of many processes for redoxtasis and metabolic adjustment to the changing environmental conditions to which plants are subjected. Although it is thought that the role of reactive chemical species was originally energy dissipation, during evolution they seem to form a cluster of RONSS that, in addition to dissipating excess excitation potential or reducing potential, also fulfils essential signaling functions that play a vital role in the stress acclimation of plants. Signaling occurs by synthesizing many biomolecules that modify the activity of transcription factors and through modifications in thiol groups of enzymes. The result is a series of adjustments in plants’ gene expression, biochemistry, and physiology. The action of RONSS as signaling agents in Biostimulation is discussed. 
  • 627
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Diterpenoid Compounds Isolated from Clerodendrum Genus
One of the key areas of interest in pharmacognosy is that of the diterpenoids; many studies have been performed to identify new sources, their optimal isolation and biological properties. An important source of abietane-, pimarane-, clerodane-type diterpenoids and their derivatives are the members of the genus Clerodendrum, of the Lamiaceae. Due to their diverse chemical nature, and the type of plant material, a range of extraction techniques are needed with various temperatures, solvent types and extraction times, as well as the use of an ultrasound bath. The diterpenoids isolated from Clerodendrum demonstrate a range of cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, antibacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory activities.
  • 625
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Countermeasures of P. xanthii for Subverting Chitin Signaling
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world’s crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. 
  • 623
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant Glutathione Peroxidases
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are non-heme peroxidases catalyzing the reduction of H2O2 or organic hydroperoxides to water or corresponding alcohols using glutathione (GSH) or thioredoxin (TRX) as a reducing agent. In contrast to animal GPXs, the plant enzymes are non-seleno monomeric proteins that generally utilize TRX more effectively than GSH but can be a putative link between the two main redox systems. Because of the substantial differences compared to non-plant GPXs, use of the GPX-like (GPXL) name was suggested for Arabidopsis enzymes. GPX(L)s not only can protect cells from stress-induced oxidative damages but are crucial components of plant development and growth. Due to fine-tuning the H2O2 metabolism and redox homeostasis, they are involved in the whole life cycle even under normal growth conditions. Significantly new mechanisms were discovered related to their transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications by describing gene regulatory networks, interacting microRNA families, or identifying Lys decrotonylation in enzyme activation. 
  • 620
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Omics Technologies in the Study of Fruit-Elicitor Interaction
Fruit losses and wastage are mainly due to postharvest diseases; their control is reduced with pesticides. The excessive use of synthetic fungicides has caused harmful effects on human health and the environment, so it is therefore necessary to reduce their use. The development of new innocuous strategies has led to the use of compounds of natural or biological origin with the capacity to induce the plant defense system, which improves the fruit’s response against future pathogen attacks in addition to reducing the incidence of postharvest diseases. These compounds are known as “elicitors”. Although the use of molecular tools such as RT-qPCR or the measurement of the enzymatic activity of molecular markers makes it possible to determine the activation of the plant defense system in response to the application of an elicitor compound, omics technologies such as the transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome have provided new and interesting information that helps to elucidate the molecular aspects involved in the activation of the plant defense system in response to the application of elicitors.
  • 615
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Resurrection Plants as Source of  Natural Bioactive Compounds
Resurrection plant species are a group of higher plants whose vegetative tissues are able to withstand long periods of almost full desiccation and recover quickly upon rewatering. Apart from being a model system for studying desiccation tolerance, resurrection plant species appear to be a valuable source of metabolites, with various areas of application. A significant number of papers have been published with respect to the extraction and application of bioactive compounds from higher resurrection plant species in various test systems. Promising results have been obtained with respect to antioxidative and antiaging effects in various test systems, particularly regarding valuable anticancer effects in human cell lines. 
  • 613
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Structural Diversity of Simply Oxygenated Benzophenones
Naturally occurring benzophenones represent a relatively small group of plant metabolites with narrow distribution, mainly in members of Clusiaceae, Gentianaceae, Hypericaceae, Polygalaceae, Myrtaceae, etc.
  • 612
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sulfur in Agronomic Biofortification with Essential Micronutrients
Sulfur (S) plays crucial roles, including in the management of the essential micronutrients (EM) metalome. Each of the EM at first exists as a free cation, which is an existence that causes undesirable actions. Efficient handling of the EM metalome requires efficient chelation, transport, and translocation, along with efficient management of these actions. For each one of these management systems toward handling each EM properly, the phytoavailability of EM, along with the proper form of S in place and in time, is of central interest. Moreover, the functional EM metalome of plants is modified by S availability.
  • 611
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Basic Substances in Pest and Disease Management
Pathogens and pests constantly challenge food security and safety worldwide. The use of plant protection products to manage them raises concerns related to human health, the environment, and economic costs. Basic substances are active, non-toxic compounds that are not predominantly used as plant protection products but hold potential in crop protection. Basic substances’ attention is rising due to their safety and cost-effectiveness.
  • 608
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anthropogenic Stressors in Upland Rivers
Upland rivers across Europe still exhibit undisturbed conditions and represent a treasure that we cannot afford to lose. We hypothesize that the combination of pristine and modified conditions could demonstrate biological responses along the stressor gradients. Thus, the response of aquatic macrophyte communities to anthropogenic stressors along upland rivers in Bulgaria was studied. Six stressors were selected out of 36 parameters grouped into hydromorphological, chemical variables and combined drivers (catchment land use). The stressors strongly affected species richness on the basis of biological type (bryophytes vs. vascular plants) and ecomorphological type (hydrophytes vs. helophytes). Hydrological alteration expressed by the change of the river’s base flow and altered riparian habitats has led to a suppression of bryophytes and a dominance of riverbank plant communities. Seventy-five percent of mountain sites were lacking bryophytes, and the vegetation at semi-mountainous sites was dominated by vascular plants. It can be concluded that hydropeaking, organic and inorganic pollution, and discontinuous urban structures caused important modifications in the aquatic macrophyte assemblages. Macrophyte abundance and the biological and ecomorphological type of aquatic macrophytes reflect multi-stressor effects in upland rivers.
  • 606
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chromium Morpho-Phytotoxicity
Chromium (Cr) is considered as one of the chronic pollutants that cause damage to all living forms, including plants. Various industries release an excessive amount of Cr into the environment. The increasing accumulation of Cr in agricultural land causes a significant decrease in the yield and quality of economically important crops. The Cr-induced biochemical, molecule, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and hormonal impairments cause the inhibition of plant growth and development.
  • 606
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Rubi idaei fructus as a Source of Antioxidants
Given the increased incidence of lifestyle diseases, scientists are searching for natural bioactive compounds with a broad spectrum of activity but no side effects to be used in the production of pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Rubi idaei fructus is a promising source of antioxidants that can serve as substitutes for synthetic agents in prophylaxis and adjuvant therapies.
  • 604
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Wheat Resistance to Leaf Rust
Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), is one of the most common wheat foliar diseases that continuously threatens global wheat production. Currently, the approaches used to mitigate pathogen infestation include the application of fungicides and the deployment of resistance genes or cultivars. However, the continuous deployment of selected resistant varieties causes host selection pressures that drive Pt evolution and promote the incessant emergence of new virulent races, resulting in the demise of wheat-resistant cultivars after several years of planting. Intriguingly, diploid wheat accessions were found to confer haustorium formation-based resistance to leaf rust, which involves prehaustorial and posthaustorial resistance mechanisms. 
  • 595
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes
The challenging alterations in climate in the last decades have had direct and indirect influences on biotic and abiotic stresses that have led to devastating implications on agricultural crop production and food security. Extreme environmental conditions, such as abiotic stresses, offer great opportunities to study the influence of different microorganisms in plant development and agricultural productivity.
  • 592
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Homeostasis in Plants
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest intracellular organelle and plays essential roles in protein folding, lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, calcium storage, and carbohydrate metabolism. In plants, ER stress usually occurs when they are subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions or at specific developmental stages. An evolutionarily conserved signal network, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated during ER stress to restore ER homeostasis.
  • 592
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Seed Dormancy and Veronicastrum sibiricum
Veronicastrum sibiricum is a perennial species distributed in Korea, Japan, Manchuria, China, and Siberia. This study aimed to determine the requirements for germination and dormancy break of V. sibiricum seeds and to classify the kind of seed dormancy. Additionally, its class of dormancy was compared with other Veronicastrum and Veronica species. V. sibiricum seeds were permeable to water and had a mature embryo during seed dispersal. In field conditions, germination was prevented by physiological dormancy, which was, however, relieved by March of the next year, allowing the start of germination when suitable environmental conditions occurred. In laboratory experiments, the seeds treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of cold stratification (4 °C) germinated to 0, 79, 75, 72, and 66%, respectively. After the GA3 treatment (2.887 mM), ≥90% of the seeds germinated during the four incubation weeks at 20/10 °C. Thus, 2.887 mM GA3 and at least two weeks at 4 °C were effective in breaking physiological dormancy and initiating germination. Therefore, the V. sibiricum seeds showed non-deep physiological dormancy (PD).
  • 590
  • 25 Jan 2022
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