Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
-- 1528 2023-05-09 02:16:02 |
2 format correction
Dean Liu
 Meta information modification 1528 2023-05-09 02:46:51 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Jalal, A.; Oliveira, C.E.D.S.; Rosa, P.A.L.; Galindo, F.S.; Teixeira Filho, M.C.M. Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43997 (accessed on 06 July 2024).
Jalal A, Oliveira CEDS, Rosa PAL, Galindo FS, Teixeira Filho MCM. Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43997. Accessed July 06, 2024.
Jalal, Arshad, Carlos Eduardo Da Silva Oliveira, Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa, Fernando Shintate Galindo, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho. "Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43997 (accessed July 06, 2024).
Jalal, A., Oliveira, C.E.D.S., Rosa, P.A.L., Galindo, F.S., & Teixeira Filho, M.C.M. (2023, May 09). Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/43997
Jalal, Arshad, et al. "Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes." Encyclopedia. Web. 09 May, 2023.
Agricultural Sustainability under Climatic Extremes
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/life13051102

The challenging alterations in climate in the last decades have had direct and indirect influences on biotic and abiotic stresses that have led to devastating implications on agricultural crop production and food security. Extreme environmental conditions, such as abiotic stresses, offer great opportunities to study the influence of different microorganisms in plant development and agricultural productivity.

PGPBs abiotic stresses growth-promoting fungi

1. Introduction

The severe impacts of transmutation with intense episodes of extreme weather can have significant consequences on agricultural outputs that should cause widespread food insecurity and affect survival of populations [1][2]. The severity, frequency, magnitude, and duration of extreme climatic events will become more highlighted and noticeable in the future [3]. The alterations in climate extremes have a direct or indirect influence on biotic and abiotic stresses with devastating impacts on agricultural crop production and food security [4]. Biotic stresses comprising phytopathogens and pests [5], as well as abiotic stresses including drought [6], soil salinity [6][7], heavy metals [8][9], flooding [10], high irradiance [11], low temperature [12] and high temperature [13], can cause intensified impacts on plant growth, physiology, metabolism, nutrient acquisition, and ecological desertification. The diverse effects of abiotic stresses on different mechanisms of plants are summarized in Figure 1.
Life 13 01102 g001 550
Figure 1. An overview of the effects of abiotic stresses on the different mechanisms of plants.
In changing climate scenarios, intervention with microbes is considered a new sustainable strategy in agricultural production and mitigation of the resilient impacts of stresses [14]. The beneficial microbes and endophytes exhibit real-time amplifications to alleviate the devastating climatic impacts on plant health, physiology and biochemical aspects [14][15]. These microbial communities have several adaptations to abiotic stresses under different ecological processes, including facilitation of organic matter decomposition and nutrient acquisition in the rhizosphere of several plants [16]. Beneficial microbes, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), may have a controversial influence or no influence at all on plant growth and fitness under stressful environments, whereas other strains of PGPR have beneficial effects under climate-induced stressful extremes [17]. The PGPR engineered for agricultural practices boost plant growth, pathogen control, and microbial ecosystems by alleviating abiotic resiliencies [18][19].
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria tackle abiotic stresses by boosting several physiological and biochemical processes (nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, and source–sink relationships), metabolism and the regulation of homeostasis, osmotic potential, protein function, phytohormone production (indole-3-acetic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase), enzymatic activity, and nutrient solubilization [20][21][22]. To combat the punitive impact of abiotic stresses, numerous PGPR strains (including Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTNa-2 [23], Pantoea dispersa IAC-BECa-132, Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sp. [24], Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EPP90, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus [25], Curtobacterium sp. SAK 1 [26], Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJNT [27], Pseudomonas putida KT2440 [28], Enterobacter sp. [29], Serratia marcescens, Microbacterium arborescens, Enterobacter sp. [30], Bacillus cereus PK6-15, Bacillus subtilis PK5-26 and Bacillus circulans PK3-109 [31], Azospirillum lipoferum FK1 [32], and Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 [33] have been used to facilitate the management mechanisms of different cereal and legume crops under stressful environments. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria employ various strategies to endure harsh weather conditions.
In addition, root-associated microbes such as fungi can potentially influence different ecological processes to optimize plant health and growth, resulting in a great impact on plant physiology, nutrition, and survival ability that improves plant tolerance against environment-induced stresses [34]. These endophytic fungi confer abiotic stresses through the synthesis of various plant beneficial substances (ACC-deaminase, auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, siderophores) and solubilize nutrients for healthy plant growth [35][36]. The fugal endophytes form a mutualistic association with plants to promote photosystem activity, protein accumulation, primary metabolism that leads to higher growth, and tolerance under abiotic stresses [37][38]. Plants develop mutualistic relationships with several plant growth-promoting endophytic fungi, including Piriformospora indica [38], arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi [37], Trichoderma albolutescens, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma orientale, Trichoderma spirale, and Trichoderma tomentosum [39], Penicillium aurantiogriseum 581PDA3, Alternaria alternate 581PDA5, Trichoderma harzianum 582PDA7 [40], and Porostereum spadiceum AGH786 [41], which can increase tolerance against abiotic stresses by improving the biochemical and physiological processes of different plants, as summarized in Figure 2.
Life 13 01102 g002 550
Figure 2. Mechanisms against abiotic stresses adapted from microorganisms.

2. Drought Stress

Disruption in the water cycle has become a serious challenge to overcome that is an alarming worry to farmers, horticulturists, and the world’s population as it threatens the food needs of humans and animals. In this context, farmers have increased the amount of irrigation to improve the quantity and quality of agricultural crops; however, this strategy could increase the cost of production [42]. Drought can be described as an unfavourable environmental condition with an insufficient level of moisture that can affect normal development and growth cycle of plants [43]. It has been highlighted that drought can reduce yield and cultivation potential (ideal yield) of soybean by up to 70% [44].

3. Salt Stress

Salinity is one of the major global and environmental concerns that limits agricultural productivity and is attributed to extreme episodes of climatic changes [45]. Water quality and irrigation management irrespective of source, such as dams, ponds, rivers, artesian wells, or high-depth aquifers, contains salt complexes [46]. These salt complexes include some of the important cationic species, such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na2+), and potassium (K+), and among the anionic complexes are chloride (Cl−), carbonate (CO32−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), sulfate (SO42−), and boron (B) that all can have deleterious effects on agriculture ecosystems and plant productivity. Thus, the increased accumulation of these salts in low-quality irrigation water on arable land converts the land into non-usable and non-productive soil [47]. Soils irrigated with saturated water extract with an EC of 4.0 dS m−1 (40 mmol L−1 of NaCl) are considered to be saline and can cause osmotic pressure of 0.2 MPa that leads to a reduction in vegetable yields [48].

4. Heavy Metals

Heavy metals (HMs) are a serious threat to agriculture that can significantly harm different environmental, ecological, and nutritional factors of plants. The rising population has led to increased fertilizer use for higher food production, which can consequently lead to contamination of the environment and food chains [49]. The anthropogenic activities of humans, including mining, various industries, metallurgy, the use of chemical fertilizers containing HMs, and transportation, have led to a dramatic increase in HM accumulation in the ecosystem [50][51]. Heavy metals released into the air, environment, and soil can be absorbed by plants through roots and leaves, which can disrupt plant metabolism and cause several health risks to humans [50][52]. Edible plants are the major source of food in the human diet, and their contamination with toxic metals may result in catastrophic health hazards [50].

5. High Temperature

High temperature is one the major abiotic stress in extreme climates that has deleterious impacts on crop yield, global production, human health, and socio-economic damage and wildfires [53][54]. The exposure of plants to unsuitable temperatures during crop cycles results in reduced growth and biochemical aspects. Prolonged heat stress has severe implications on different metabolic processes, including water relations, heat shock proteins, carbohydrate metabolism, and physiological disruptions that lead to cell death [43][55]. High temperature stress crucially affects the grain filling stage [56], grain quality [57], grain protein content [58], biomass, phenology, leaf senescence, grain yield [59], and the plant canopy in wheat [60]. High temperature stress also has drastic influences on several crops, including rice [61], sorghum [62], pearl millet [63], maize [64], and wheat [65].

6. Low Temperature

Low temperature is also one of the most devastating environmental factors that affects plant growth and productivity. Occasional drops in the temperature of agricultural soils can affect the activity of terrestrial biota and plant growth. Low temperature corresponds to chilling (0–15 °C) that usually occurs in temperate regions and decreases plant productivity. These conditions stimulate the growth of saprophytic fungi that may disrupt soil nutrient cycling and compromise plant health [66]. Low temperatures disturb cellular homeostasis and some ROS, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (O2−), and HO., and also disrupt some cellular functions related to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA that may cause cell death in plants [67][68].

7. Flood Stress and Oxygen Deficit

Global agriculture is severely affected by climate change. Flooding is one of the most drastic conditions of climate extremes and has detrimental impacts on soil fertility and nutrients, causing disruption to the crucial processes of plants [69]. The intensity and frequency of flooding is increasing due to climate extremes that could be a serious threat to the stability and productivity of ecosystems [70]. Plants frequently experience stresses that are typically caused by insufficient water or a lack of oxygen in flooding conditions. Flooding leads to localized depletion of oxygen due to stagnant water and sediment deposition on the soil surface [71]. The inhibition of cellular respiration and the submersion of non-photosynthetic plant tissues or roots under flooding are some of the most serious plant stresses [72].

8. Light Stress

Sunlight is one the major factors of photosynthesis that provides the necessary energy for plant growth and development. Despite this, intense light, especially its ultraviolet (UV) part, causes serious damage to DNA, proteins, and other cellular components of plants [73]. Sunlight damages photosynthetic machinery, primarily photosystem II (PSII), increases ROS production, and causes photo-inhibition that can hinder plant photosynthetic activity, growth, and productivity [74]. Excess light accelerates ROS production in PSI and PSII of chloroplasts, which may balance photo-inhibition and the repair of plant cells [74]. Light-triggered plant responses depend on the fluency, exposure time, and acclimation of plants before light exposure [73]. Reductions in the quantity and quality of light could signal plants to activate defensive systems by enhancing adaptive alterations in stem morphology [74]. The signaling pathways of light can balance the constructive and destructive impact of light on plant defense and growth mechanisms.

References

  1. Huang, S.; Zuo, T.; Ni, W. Important roles of glycinebetaine in stabilizing the structure and function of the photosystem II complex under abiotic stresses. Planta 2020, 251, 36.
  2. Alagna, F.; Balestrini, R.; Chitarra, W.; Marsico, A.D.; Nerva, L. Getting ready with the priming: Innovative weapons against biotic and abiotic crop enemies in a global changing scenario. In Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 35–56.
  3. Ali, S.; Eum, H.; Cho, J.; Dan, L.; Khan, F.; Dairaku, K.; Shrestha, M.L.; Hwang, S.; Nasim, W.; Khan, I.A.; et al. Assessment of climate extremes in future projections downscaled by multiple statistical downscaling methods over Pakistan. Atmos. Res. 2019, 222, 114–133.
  4. Raza, A.; Razzaq, A.; Mehmood, S.S.; Zou, X.; Zhang, X.; Lv, Y.; Xu, J. Impact of climate change on crops adaptation and strategies to tackle its outcome: A review. Plants 2019, 8, 34.
  5. Pérez-Bueno, M.L.; Pineda, M.; Barón, M. Phenotyping plant responses to biotic stress by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1135.
  6. Pawłowicz, I.; Masajada, K. Aquaporins as a link between water relations and photosynthetic pathway in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Gene 2019, 687, 166–172.
  7. Da Silva Oliveira, C.E.; Zoz, T.; Jalal, A.; Vendruscolo, E.P.; Nogueira, T.A.R.; Jani, A.D.; Teixeira Filho, M.C.M. Tolerance and Adaptability of Tomato Genotypes to Saline Irrigation. Crops 2022, 2, 306–322.
  8. Tunçtürk, M.; Rezaee Danesh, Y.; Tunçtürk, R.; Oral, E.; Najafi, S.; Nohutçu, L.; Jalal, A.; da Silva Oliveira, C.E.; Filho, M.C.M.T. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) response to cadmium stress: Morpho-physiological traits and mineral concentrations. Life 2023, 13, 135.
  9. Ullah, R.; Muhammad, S. Heavy metals contamination in soils and plants along with the mafic-ultramafic complex (Ophiolites), Baluchistan, Pakistan: Evaluation for risk and phytoremediation potential. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2020, 19, 100931.
  10. Zhou, W.; Chen, F.; Meng, Y.; Chandrasekaran, U.; Luo, X.; Yang, W.; Shu, K. Plant waterlogging/flooding stress responses: From seed germination to maturation. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2020, 148, 228–236.
  11. Do Nascimento, L.R.; Souza, V.T.; Campos, R.A.; Rüther, R. Extreme solar overirradiance events: Occurrence and impacts on utility-scale photovoltaic power plants in Brazil. Solar Energy 2019, 186, 370–381.
  12. Gobbett, D.L.; Nidumolu, U.; Crimp, S. Modelling frost generates insights for managing risk of minimum temperature extremes. Weather Clim. Extrem. 2020, 27, 100176.
  13. Tavakol, A.; Rahmani, V.; Harrington Junior, J. Evaluation of hot temperature extremes and heat waves in the Mississippi River Basin. Atmos. Res. 2020, 239, 104907.
  14. Balestrini, R.; Chitarra, W.; Fotopoulos, V.; Ruocco, M. Potential role of beneficial soil microorganisms in plant tolerance to abiotic stress factors. In Soil Biological Communities and Ecosystem Resilience; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 191–207.
  15. Ma, Y.; Vosátka, M.; Freitas, H. Editorial: Beneficial Microbes Alleviate Climatic Stresses in Plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 595.
  16. Mohanty, S.; Swain, C.K. Role of Microbes in Climate Smart Agriculture. In Microorganisms for Green Revolution. Microorganisms for Sustainability; Panpatte, D., Jhala, Y., Shelat, H., Vyas, R., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2018; p. 7.
  17. Saghafi, D.; Delangiz, N.; Lajayer, B.A.; Ghorbanpour, M. An overview on improvement of crop productivity in saline soils by halotolerant and halophilic PGPRs. J. Biotechnol. 2019, 9, 261.
  18. Ab Rahman, S.F.S.; Singh, E.; Pieterse, C.M.; Schenk, P.M. Emerging microbial biocontrol strategies for plant pathogens. Plant Sci. 2018, 267, 102–111.
  19. Arif, I.; Batool, M.; Schenk, P.M. Plant Microbiome Engineering: Expected Benefits for Improved Crop Growth and Resilience. Trends Biotechnol. 2020, 38, 1385–1396.
  20. Dogra, N.; Yadav, R.; Kaur, M.; Adhikary, A.; Kumar, S.; Ramakrishna, W. Nutrient enhancement of chickpea grown with plant growth promoting bacteria in local soil of Bathinda, Northwestern India. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2019, 25, 1251–1259.
  21. Khare, E.; Mishra, J.; Arora, N.K. Multifaceted interactions between endophytes and plant: Developments and prospects. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9, 2732.
  22. Jalal, A.; da Silva Oliveira, C.E.; Galindo, F.S.; Rosa, P.A.L.; Gato, I.M.B.; de Lima, B.H.; Teixeira Filho, M.C.M. Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Plant Nutrition against Abiotic Stresses in Brassicaceae Family. Life 2023, 13, 211.
  23. Greetatorn, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Sarapat, S.; Tittabutr, P.; Boonkerd, N.; Uchiumi, T.; Teaumroong, N. Empowering rice seedling growth by endophytic Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN 9-2. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2019, 68, 258–266.
  24. Da Silveira, A.P.D.; Iório, R.D.P.F.; Marcos, F.C.C.; Fernandes, A.O.; de Souza, S.A.C.D.; Kuramae, E.E.; Cipriano, M.A.P. Exploitation of new endophytic bacteria and their ability to promote sugarcane growth and nitrogen nutrition. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2019, 112, 283–295.
  25. Kushwaha, P.; Kashyap, P.L.; Kuppusamy, P.; Srivastava, A.K.; Tiwari, R.K. Functional characterization of endophytic bacilli from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and their possible role in multiple stress tolerance. Plant Biosyst.-Int. J. Deal. All Asp. Plant Biol. 2019, 154, 503–514.
  26. Khan, M.A.; Asaf, S.; Khan, A.L.; Ullah, I.; Ali, S.; Kang, S.M.; Lee, I.J. Alleviation of salt stress response in soybean plants with the endophytic bacterial isolate Curtobacterium sp. SAK1. Ann. Microbiol. 2019, 69, 797–808.
  27. Konkolewska, A.; Piechalak, A.; Ciszewska, L.; Antos-Krzemińska, N.; Skrzypczak, T.; Hanć, A.; Sitko, K.; Małkowski, E.; Barałkiewicz, D.; Małecka, A. Combined use of companion planting and PGPR for the assisted phytoextraction of trace metals (Zn, Pb, Cd). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2020, 27, 13809–13825.
  28. Costa-Gutierrez, S.B.; Lami, M.J.; Santo, M.C.C.D.; Zenoff, A.M.; Vincent, P.A.; Molina-Henares, M.A.; Espinosa-Urgel, M.; Cristóbal, R.E. Plant growth promotion by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 under saline stress: Role of eptA. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020, 104, 4577–4592.
  29. Sarkar, A.; Ghosh, P.K.; Pramanik, K.; Mitra, S.; Soren, T.; Pandey, S.; Mondal, M.H.; Maiti, T.K. A halotolerant Enterobacter sp. displaying ACC deaminase activity promotes rice seedling growth under salt stress. Res. Microbiol. 2018, 169, 20–32.
  30. Kumar, A.; Maurya, B.R.; Raghuwanshi, R.; Meena, V.S.; Islam, M.T. Co-inoculation with Enterobacter and Rhizobacteria on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the alluvial soil under indo-gangetic plain of India. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2017, 36, 608–617.
  31. Bokhari, A.; Essack, M.; Lafi, F.F.; Barrao, C.A.; Jalal, R.; Alamoudi, S.; Razali, R.; Alzubaidy, H.; Shah, K.H.; Siddique, S.; et al. Bioprospecting desert plant Bacillus endophytic strains for their potential to enhance plant stress tolerance. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18154.
  32. El-Esawi, M.A.; Al-Ghamdi, A.A.; Ali, H.M.; Alayafi, A.A. Azospirillum lipoferum FK1 confers improved salt tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by modulating osmolytes, antioxidant machinery and stress-related genes expression. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2019, 159, 55–65.
  33. Alen’kina, A.S.; Nikitina, V.E. Effect of Azospirillum Lectins on the Ascorbate Peroxidase Activity and Ascorbic Acid Content in Wheat Seedling Roots Exposed to Abiotic Stresses. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 2020, 56, 211–218.
  34. Shahzad, R.; Khan, A.L.; Bilal, S.; Asaf, S.; Lee, I.J. What is there in seeds? Vertically transmitted endophytic resources for sustainable improvement in plant growth. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 24.
  35. Bilal, S.; Shahzad, R.; Imran, M.; Jan, R.; Kim, K.M.; Lee, I.J. Synergistic association of endophytic fungi enhances Glycine max L. resilience to combined abiotic stresses: Heavy metals, high temperature and drought stress. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 143, 111931.
  36. Bilal, S.; Ali, L.; Khan, A.L.; Shahzad, R.; Asaf, S.; Imran, M.; Kang, S.M.; Kim, S.K.; Lee, I.J. Endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 produces sester-terpenoid YW3548 and cyclic peptide that inhibit urease and α-glucosidase enzyme activities. Arch. Microbiol. 2018, 200, 1493–1502.
  37. Mathur, S.; Tomar, R.S.; Jajoo, A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protects photosynthetic apparatus of wheat under drought stress. Photosynth. Res. 2019, 139, 227–238.
  38. Ghaffari, M.R.; Mirzaei, M.; Ghabooli, M.; Khatabi, B.; Wu, Y.; Zabet-Moghaddam, M.; Mohammadi-Nejad, G.; Haynes, P.A.; Hajirezaei, M.R.; Sepehri, M.; et al. Root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica improves drought stress adaptation in barley by metabolic and proteomic reprogramming. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2019, 157, 197–210.
  39. Jang, S.; Jang, Y.; Kim, C.W.; Lee, H.; Hong, J.H.; Heo, Y.M.; Lee, Y.M.; Lee, D.W.; Lee, H.B.; Kim, J.J. Five New Records of Soil-Derived Trichoderma in Korea: T. albolutescens, T. asperelloides, T. orientale, T. spirale, and T. tomentosum. Mycobiology 2017, 45, 1–8.
  40. Ripa, F.A.; Cao, W.D.; Tong, S.; Sun, J.G. Assessment of plant growth promoting and abiotic stress tolerance properties of wheat endophytic fungi. BioMed Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 6105865.
  41. Hamayun, M.; Hussain, A.; Khan, S.A.; Kim, H.Y.; Khan, A.L.; Waqas, M.; Irshad, M.; Iqbal, A.; Rehman, G.; Jan, S.; et al. Gibberellins producing endophytic fungus Porostereum spadiceum AGH786 rescues growth of salt affected soybean. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 686.
  42. Enebe, M.C.; Babalola, O.O. The influence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in planttolerance to abiotic stress: A survival strategy. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2018, 102, 7821–7835.
  43. Hussain, S.; Khaliq, A.; Ali, B.; Hussain, H.A.; Qadir, T.; Hussain, S. Temperature extremes: Impact on rice growth and development. In Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 153–171.
  44. Mertz-Henning, L.M.; Ferreira, L.C.; Henning, F.A.; Mandarino, J.M.G.; Santos, E.D.; Oliveira, M.C.N.D.; Nepomuceno, A.E.L.; Farias, J.R.B.; Neumaier, N. Effect of water deficit-induced at vegetative and reproductive stages on protein and oil content in soybean grains. Agronomy 2018, 8, 3.
  45. Vaishnav, A.; Shukla, A.K.; Sharma, A.; Kumar, R.; Choudhary, D.K. Endophytic bacteria in plant salt stress tolerance: Current and future prospects. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2019, 38, 650–668.
  46. Chhabra, R. Soil Salinity and Water Quality; Routledge: London, UK, 2017.
  47. Qayyum, F.; Saifullah, M.S.; Akhtar, J. Salt-affected soils: Sources genesis and management. In Soil Science Concepts and Applications; Sabir, M., Akhtar, J., Hakeem, K.R., Eds.; University of Agriculture Faisalabad: Faisalabad, Pakistan, 2016; Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Qayyum-6/publication/320583309_Salt-affected_Soils_Sources_Genesis_and_Management/links/59eec988aca272029ddf802f/Salt-affected-Soils-Sources-Genesis-and-Management.pdf (accessed on 25 February 2023).
  48. Munns, R.; Tester, M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2008, 59, 651–681.
  49. Nagajyoti, P.C.; Lee, K.D.; Sreekanth, T.V.M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: A review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2010, 8, 199–216.
  50. Lajayer, B.A.; Ghorbanpour, M.; Nikabadi, S. Heavy metals in contaminated enviroment: Destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative status and phytoextraction in medicinal plants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 145, 377–390.
  51. Dinis, M.D.L.; Fiúza, A. Exposure assessment to heavy metals in the environment: Measures to eliminate or reduce the exposure to critical receptors. Environ. Heavy Met. Pollut. Eff. Child Ment. Dev. 2011, 1, 27–50.
  52. Shahid, M.; Dumat, C.; Khalid, S.; Schreck, E.; Xiong, T.; Niazi, N.K. Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 325, 36–58.
  53. Sun, Q.; Miao, C.; Hanel, M.; Borthwick, A.G.; Duan, Q.; Ji, D.; Li, H. Global heat stress on health, wildfires, and agricultural crops under different levels of climate warming. Environ. Int. 2019, 128, 125–136.
  54. Deryng, D.; Conway, D.; Ramankutty, N.; Price, J.; Warren, R. Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 034011.
  55. Abd El-Daim, I.A.; Bejai, S.; Meijer, J. Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by bacterial seed treatment. Plant Soil 2014, 379, 337–350.
  56. Liu, B.; Liu, L.; Tian, L.; Cao, W.; Zhu, Y.; Asseng, S. Post-heading heat stress and yield impact in winter wheat of China. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2014, 20, 372–381.
  57. Kawasaki, K.; Uchida, S. Quality Matters more than quantity: Asymmetric temperature effects on crop yield and quality grade. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2016, 98, 1195–1209.
  58. Osman, R.; Zhu, Y.; Ma, W.; Zhang, D.; Ding, Z.; Liu, L.; Tang, L.; Liu, B.; Cao, W. Comparison of wheat simulation models for impacts of extreme temperature stress on grain quality. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2020, 288, 107995.
  59. Wang, E.; Martre, P.; Zhao, Z.; Ewert, F.; Maiorano, A.; Rötter, R.P.; Kimball, B.A.; Ottman, M.J.; Wall, G.W.; White, J.W.; et al. The uncertainty of crop yield projections is reduced by improved temperature response functions. Nat. Plants 2017, 3, 17102.
  60. Webber, H.; Martre, P.; Asseng, S.; Kimball, B.; White, J.; Ottman, M.; Wall, G.W.; De Sanctis, G.; Doltra, J.; Grant, R.; et al. Canopy temperature for simulation of heat stress in irrigated wheat in a semi-arid environment: A multi-model comparison. Field Crops Res. 2017, 202, 21–35.
  61. Kong, L.; Ashraf, U.; Cheng, S.; Rao, G.; Mo, Z.; Tian, H.; Pan, S.; Tang, X. Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China. Eur. J. Agron. 2017, 90, 117–126.
  62. Djanaguiraman, M.; Perumal, R.; Jagadish, S.V.K.; Ciampitti, I.A.; Welti, R.; Prasad, P.V.V. Sensitivity of sorghum pollen and pistil to high-temperature stress. Plant Cell Environ. 2018, 41, 1065–1082.
  63. Djanaguiraman, M.; Perumal, R.; Ciampitti, I.A.; Gupta, S.K.; Prasad, P.V.V. Quantifying pearl millet response to high temperature stress: Thresholds, sensitive stages, genetic variability and relative sensitivity of pollen and pistil. Plant Cell Environ. 2018, 41, 993–1007.
  64. Hatfield, J.L.; Prueger, J.H. Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather Clim. Extrem. 2015, 10, 4–10.
  65. Djanaguiraman, M.; Narayanan, S.; Erdayani, E.; Prasad, P.V. Effects of high temperature stress during anthesis and grain filling periods on photosynthesis, lipids and grain yield in wheat. BMC Plant Biol. 2020, 20, 268.
  66. Subramanian, P.; Kim, K.; Krishnamoorthy, R.; Mageswari, A.; Selvakumar, G.; Sa, T. Cold stress tolerance in psychrotolerant soil bacteria and their conferred chilling resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) under low temperatures. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0161592.
  67. Tiryaki, D.; Aydın, İ.; Atıcı, Ö. Psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from the leaf apoplast of cold-adapted wild plants improve the cold resistance of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under low temperature. Cryobiology 2019, 86, 111–119.
  68. Chu, X.T.; Fu, J.J.; Sun, Y.F.; Xu, Y.M.; Miao, Y.J.; Xu, Y.F.; Hu, T.M. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on cold stress-induced oxidative damage in leaves of Elymus nutans Griseb. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2016, 104, 21–29.
  69. Walker, L.R. The Biology of Disturbed Habitats; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2012.
  70. González Macé, O.; Steinauer, K.; Jousset, A.; Eisenhauer, N.; Scheu, S. Flood-induced changes in soil microbial functions as modified by plant diversity. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0166349.
  71. Cao, Y.; Ma, C.; Chen, H.; Chen, G.; White, J.C.; Xing, B. Copper stress in flooded soil: Impact on enzyme activities, microbial community composition and diversity in the rhizosphere of Salix integra. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 704, 135350.
  72. Hartman, K.; Tringe, S.G. Interactions between plants and soil shaping the root microbiome under abiotic stress. Biochem. J. 2019, 476, 2705–2724.
  73. Müller-Xing, R.; Xing, Q.; Goodrich, J. Footprints of the sun: Memory of UV and light stress in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 474.
  74. Huber, M.; Nieuwendijk, N.M.; Pantazopoulou, C.K.; Pierik, R. Light signalling shapes plant–plant interactions in dense canopies. Plant Cell Environ. 2021, 44, 1014–1029.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Arshad Jalal
,
Carlos Eduardo da Silva Oliveira
,
Poliana Aparecida Leonel Rosa
,
Fernando Shintate Galindo
,
Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
View Times: 259
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 09 May 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback