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Topic Review
Bladder Ischemia
The concept of bladder ischemia as a contributing factor to detrusor overactivity and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is evolving. Bladder ischemia as a consequence of pelvic arterial atherosclerosis was first documented in experimental models and later in elderly patients with LUTS. It was shown that early-stage moderate ischemia produces detrusor overactivity, while prolonged severe ischemia provokes changes consistent with detrusor underactivity. Recent studies imply a central role of cellular energy sensors, cellular stress sensors, and stress response molecules in bladder responses to ischemia. The cellular energy sensor adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was shown to play a role in detrusor overactivity and neurodegeneration in bladder ischemia.
  • 600
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Animal Drugs Used to Treat Urinary Stones
Animals like plants are also medicinal agents for the prevention and cure of different health problems all over the world practically in about all human cultures. The concept of zootherapy is very old and has strong evidence of the medicinal use of animal resources. There are many animals with the potential to treat urolithiasis.
  • 595
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Is Adynamic Bone Always A Disease?
Adynamic bone (ADB) is characterized by suppressed bone formation, low cellularity, and thin osteoid seams in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is accumulating evidence supporting increasing prevalence of ADB, particularly in early CKD. Contemporarily, it is not very clear whether it represents a true disease, an adaptive mechanism to prevent bone resorption, or just a transitional stage. In the present review, we will discuss the up-to-date knowledge of the ADB and focus on its impact on bone health, fracture risk, vascular calcification, and long-term survival. Moreover, here it will emphasize the proper preventive and management strategies of ADB. It is still unclear whether ADB is always a pathologic condition or whether it can represent an adaptive process to suppress bone resorption and further bone loss. Here, this hard topic based on the available limited information in patients with CKD will tried to be discussed.
  • 589
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Upregulation of PD-L1 Mitigates Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
The innate and adaptive immunities have been documented to participate in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury (AKI); however, the mechanisms controlling these processes have yet to be established. In cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model, researchers show pathological damage to the kidneys, with the classical markers elevated, consistent with the response to cisplatin treatment. Through assessments of the components of the immune system, both locally and globally, researchers demonstrate that the immune microenvironment of injured kidneys was associated with an increased infiltration of CD4+ T cells and macrophages concomitant with decreased Treg cell populations. Researchers' cell-based assays and animal studies further show that cisplatin exposure downregulated the protein levels of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint protein, in primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, and that these inhibitions were dose-dependent. After orthotopic delivery of PD-L1 gene into the kidneys, cisplatin-exposed mice displayed lower levels of both serum urea nitrogen and creatinine upon PD-L1 expression. Researchers data suggest a renoprotective effect of the immune checkpoint protein, and thereby provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cisplatin-induced AKI.
  • 584
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ABO Blood Type
Venous thromboembolism, which includes both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer. The impact of ABO blood type in the development of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients remains controversial. To develop a sense of current opinion in this area, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood type is routinely determined preoperatively by objective and standardized methods, and our results suggest that these blood type results are useful for risk stratification and potentially for encouraging appropriate strategies for implementation of prophylactic treatment strategy in venous thromboembolism management. 
  • 583
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma-Bladder Cancer
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare, but highly malignant, disease with an estimated annual incidence of 2 cases per 100,000 people. The main surgical treatment modalities for UTUC are radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff resection. After surgery, intravesical recurrence (IVR) can occur in up to 47% of patients, and 75% of them present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, there are few studies focused on the diagnosis and treatment of postoperatively recurrent bladder cancer for patients with previous UTUC history (UTUC-BC), and many of the influencing factors are still controversial.
  • 583
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering of the Urethra—Clinical Applications
Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach for repair/substitution of damaged tissues and organs. Urethral strictures are common and serious health conditions that impair quality of life and may lead to serious organ damage. The TE approach is promising and effective, but many issues remain that need to be addressed for broader adoption of TE in urethral repair. Better design of trials, better cooperation of research groups and centralization could lead to reduction of costs and slowly proceed to commercialization and routine use of TE products for urethral reconstruction.
  • 578
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
miR-21 in Kidney Injuries and Diseases
miR-21, one of the best-characterized miRNAs to date, has received much attention in renal physiology in particular given its high degree of conservation and expression in kidneys, as well as its potent pathogenic role in various debilitating renal diseases. In contrast with normal kidney function, miR-21 switches to a powerful and overactive mediator under stress conditions. In particular, miR-21 is one of the most highly upregulated miRNAs in a wide panel of tissue injuries, and may act as a cellular sensor of injuries that mediates tissue regeneration.
  • 568
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acute Kidney Injury in Patient with Cancer
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are highly prevalent in patients with cancer, and they are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. 
  • 563
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hormone Receptors in Bladder Cancer
Accumulating evidence indicates that sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor and estrogen receptors, play an important role in modulating sensitivity to conventional non-surgical therapy for bladder cancer.
  • 560
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Two-Component Regulatory Systems in Urinary Tract Infections
Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity. 
  • 560
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Environment of ccRCC
The extracellular matrix (ECM) controls fundamental properties of tumors, including growth, blood vessel investment, and invasion. The ECM defines rigidity of tumor tissue and individual ECM proteins have distinct biological effects on tumor cells. The most frequent initiating genetic mutation in ccRCC (clear cell renal cell carcinoma) inactivates the VHL gene, which plays a direct role in organizing the ECM.
  • 559
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lupus Nephritis
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent and severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. The main goal of the management of LN is to avoid chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in 12 to 69% of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), depending on case series. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, it affects around 50% of SLE patients, while the rates of biopsy-proven LN are somewhat lower. LN is more prevalent in Asian than in African or Hispanic and European patients.
  • 557
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in DKD
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have improved macrovascular and microvascular outcomes independent of glycemic differences, including DKD. GLP-1Ras’ improvement on kidney physiology is mediated by natriuresis, reduction in hyperfiltration and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings translate into improved clinical outcomes such as an enhanced urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and a reduction in renal impairment and the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT).
  • 554
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Acute Kidney Injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome where a rapid decrease in kidney function and/or urine output is observed, which may result in the imbalance of water, electrolytes and acid base. It is associated with poor prognosis and prolonged hospitalization. miRNAs are non-coding and single-stranded RNAs that silence their target genes in the post-transcriptional process and are involved in a wide range of biological processes.
  • 554
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNA in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most prevalent neoplasia of the urinary tract. 
  • 551
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that is essential for regulating vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. 
  • 549
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Immunology and Therapy-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in men. Initially, it is androgen-dependent, but it eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is incurable with current androgen receptor signaling target therapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy, specifically with immune checkpoint inhibitors, has brought hope for the treatment of this type of prostate cancer. Approaches such as vaccines, adoptive chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been employed to activate innate and adaptive immune responses to treat prostate cancer, but with limited success. Prostate cancer has a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) in which various immunosuppressive molecules and mechanisms coexist and interact.
  • 549
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Whole-Person Approach to Urinary Tract Infection
Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance in the microbial composition in the microenvironments along the urinary tract, is found in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). Historically, antibiotics have been used to address UTI. An alternative approach to uncomplicated UTI is warranted as the current paradigm fails to take urobiome dysbiosis into account and contributes to the communal problem of resistance. A whole-person, multi-modal approach that addresses vaginal and urinary tract dysbiosis may be more effective in reducing recurrent UTI.
  • 547
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Primary Pathogenic Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global public health problem. Much research has investigated well-accepted pathogenic factors contributing to CKD onset and progression, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has suggested that pathogenic mechanisms, including mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulation of the gut microbiome, play pivotal roles in the development and progression of CKD. 
  • 541
  • 24 Aug 2022
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