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Topic Review
Uterus Transplantation
Absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI) includes congenital uterine malformation and defects, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, which occurs in one in 5000 women; acquired uterine defects caused by treatment of uterine cancers or hysterectomy due to puerperal bleeding; extended uterine myomatosis; and Asherman’s syndrome, in which the endometrium is adhered.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Assisted Reproductive Technology
The term assisted reproduction technology (ART) was introduced in the 1970s. It covers all methods that are used to assist in a successful pregnancy, where ART techniques are used to replace the biological functions connected with procreation. The Polish Society of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology (PTMRiE) and the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetrics (PTGiP) recommend further optimization of ART techniques.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Human Papillomavirus Status and the Cervicovaginal Microbiome
 Uterine cervical cancer (CC) is a complex, multistep disease primarily linked to persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). However, it is widely acknowledged that HR-HPV infection alone cannot account for the formation and progression of CC. Emerging evidence suggests that the cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM) also plays a significant role in HPVrelated CC. Certain bacteria, such as Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Campylobacter, are currently being considered as potential microbiomarkers for HPV-positive CC. However, the composition of the CVM in CC is inconsistent; thus, further studies are needed. This review comprehensively discusses the complex interplay between HPV and the CVM in cervical carcinogenesis. It is postulated that the dynamic interaction between HPV and the CVM creates an imbalanced cervicovaginal microenvironment that triggers dysbiosis, enhances HPV persistence, and promotes cervical carcinogenesis. Moreover, this review aims to provide updated evidence on the potential role of bacteriotherapy, particularly probiotics, in the treatment of CC
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Crosslink among Intestinal Microbiota
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by a set of metabolic complications arising from adaptive failures to the pregnancy period. Estimates point to a prevalence of 3 to 15% of pregnancies. Its etiology includes intrinsic and extrinsic aspects the progenitress, which may contribute to the pathophysiogenesis of GDM. Recently, researchers have identified that the intestinal microbiota participates in the development of the disease, both through its influence on insulin resistance, as well as on pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory products, which are potentially harmful to the health of the maternal-fetal binomial, in the short and long term.In this context, our objective was to gather evidence on the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, through the use of probiotics and prebiotics, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can mitigate the endogenous processes of GDM, favoring the health of the mother and her children and , in a future perspective, to alleviate this critical public health problem.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adipocytokines
Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Paraneoplastic Leukocytosis in Cervical Cancer
Tumor-associated leukocytosis has been associated with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Leukemoid reaction (i.e., white blood cell count > 40,000/μL) is defined paraneoplastic (PLR) when it occurs in the presence of a cytokine-secreting tumor (CST) without neoplastic bone marrow infiltration. Cervical cancers displaying PLR represent a peculiar entity characterized by a rapidly progressive behavior typically associated with chemo-radioresistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Contrast Agents during Pregnancy
Contrast agents can be defined as any substance introduced into the body during imaging examinations, to improve the visualization and detection rate of internal structures.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Uterine Natural Killer Cells
Reproductive immunology is at the forefront of research interests, aiming to better understand the mechanisms of immune regulation during gestation. The relationship between the immune system and the implanting embryo is profound because the embryo is semi-allogenic but not targeted by the maternal immune system, as expected in graft-versus-host reactions. The most prominent cell population at the maternal–fetal interface is the population of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. Uterine NK cells are two-faced immunologically active cells, bearing comparison with Janus, the ancient Roman god of beginnings and endings. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Folate Deficiency in Obese-(pre)Pregnant Women
Preconception folic acid supplement use is a well-known method of primary prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs). Obese women are at a higher risk for having a child with a NTD.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ramadan Fasting and Offspring Health
Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam, during which fasting is obligatory for all healthy individuals. Although pregnant women are exempt from this Islamic law, the majority nevertheless choose to fast. The association between Ramadan fasting and health outcomes of offspring is not supported by strong evidence. To further elucidate the effects of Ramadan fasting, larger prospective and retrospective studies with novel designs are needed. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Interaction between Pregnancy and COVID-19
Pregnancy does not increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection but appears to worsen the clinical course of COVID-19 (e.g., increased risks of intensive care unit [ICU] admission, need for mechanical ventilation and ventilatory support, and death) compared with non-pregnant females of the same age, especially in those who are symptomatic.  The risk of an exacerbation is greatest in the third trimester. Other risk factors associated with being infected and hospitalised with COVID-19 include Black and Asian minority ethnic backgrounds, living in socioeconomically deprived areas, and working in healthcare or other public-facing occupations
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sildenafil and Infertility Treatments
One of the adjuvants that showed potential beneficial effects on endometrial thickening in women undergoing infertility treatments is sildenafil citrate, a 5-phosphodiesterase inhibitor widely used for male erectile dysfunction. The Sildenafil pharmacological effect of Sildenafil is based on the prevention of cGMP breakdown thereby increasing smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. At the endometrium level, Sildenafil may increase uterine artery flow and exert a positive effect on endometrial growth in response to estrogenic stimulation. Moreover, it may improve endometrial tolerance to the embryo through decreasing local natural killer cell activity and favoring the accomplishment of proper embryo implantation.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Formula Milk Feeding in Premature Infants
Formula milk is a good nutritional option, due to its higher caloric density and protein content. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Regeneration after Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor of cervical cancer, and the most common CIN treatment is a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Advantages include patient compliance, outpatient setting, low cost, ease of learning for professionals, and availability of removed tissue for histological assessment, providing information on CIN severity and excision margins. At the same time, there are data that women after LEEP are predisposed to obstetrical complications including preterm birth. More efforts have to be made to study the pathogenic mechanism that leads to preterm birth.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Oncofertility in Patients with Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy occurring in young women.  Improving the prognosis of breast cancer patients is of utmost importance in terms of increasing survival rates. Modern medicine has therefore prioritized better quality of life for patients, even after the disease, through a better management of the potential long-term side effects induced by anticancer treatments. Fertility preservation and family planning are therefore crucial issues to be addressed in all cancer patients of reproductive age. Along those lines, a new branch of medicine with distinct multidisciplinary characteristics has developed over the years: oncofertility.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenetic Analogies of Preeclampsia and COVID-19
Preeclampsia is an obstetric pathology that, surprisingly, resembles the pathology of COVID-19. Both diseases are characterized by significant alterations in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). RAS-mediated mechanisms may explain their primary clinical-pathological features, which are suggestive of an underlying microvascular dysfunction, with induction of vasculopathy, coagulopathy, and inflammation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Ethical Models Applicable to Cancer Care during Pregnancy
A holistic view should be taken towards patient’s treatment, care and counselling in order to provide patient-centric, ethically and legally informed care for pregnant cancer patients. It is essential to consider individual circumstances of each pregnant cancer patient where each patient is seen as a person embedded in the realities of their lives and the changes that a cancer diagnosis brings to themselves and their pregnancy care.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cervical Carcinoma
Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of carcinomas causing morbidity and mortality in women in all countries of the world. At the moment, the oncology, oncobiology, and oncomorphology of cervical cancer are characterized by the accumulation of new information; various molecular biological, genetic, and immunohistochemical methods of investigation of the mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis are tested and applied; targeted antitumour drugs and diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers are being searched for. Many issues of the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer have not been sufficiently studied, and the role of many biomarkers characterizing various stages of cervical carcinogenesis remains unclear.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Implications of Interstitial Cajal-like Cells in Uterus
The main function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is to regulate gastrointestinal peristalsis by acting as a “pacemaker” cell by generating spontaneous slow electrical waves. In 2005, electron microscopy revealed a cell type similar to ICCs (ICC-like) outside the gastrointestinal tract, with contractile activity and c-Kit+ immunohistochemistry shared with ICCs. Among the locations where ICC-like cells have been observed, it is in the uterus where they have a significant functional and pathophysiological role. These cells are involved in obstetric phenomena of contractile action, such as ascending sperm transport, embryo implantation, pregnancy, delivery, and the expulsion of menstrual debris. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Atypical Endometriosis-Associated Biomarkers
Ovarian endometriosis may increase the risk of malignancy. Several studies have suggested atypical endometriosis as the direct precursor of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Atypical endometriosis can be a transitioning entity from endometriosis to endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers. 39 studies assessing numerous molecular targets of AE, such as immunohistochemical expression of BAF250, PIK3CA, PTEN, HNF-1beta, ER, and PR. Unfortunately, these molecular biomarkers of AE require expensive molecular analysis, histological examination is always needed, and none of them has such strong evidence to justify their systematic use in the management of the neoplastic risk of endometriosis. Further studies are needed to validate evidence on available biomarkers for the presence of AE, which is a high oncologic risk condition. Moreover, the introduction of novel serum biomarkers could be useful for the non-invasive diagnosis of AE.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
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