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Topic Review
Yuktibhāṣā
Yuktibhāṣā (Malayalam: യുക്തിഭാഷ, lit. 'Rationale'), also known as Gaṇita-yukti-bhāṣā:xxi and Gaṇitanyāyasaṅgraha (Compendium of Astronomical Rationale), is a major treatise on mathematics and astronomy, written by the India n astronomer Jyesthadeva of the Kerala school of mathematics around 1530. The treatise, written in Malayalam, is a consolidation of the discoveries by Madhava of Sangamagrama, Nilakantha Somayaji, Parameshvara, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, and other astronomer-mathematicians of the Kerala school. It also exists in a Sanskrit version, with unclear author and date, composed as a rough translation of the Malayalam original. The work contains proofs and derivations of the theorems that it presents. Modern historians used to assert, based on the works of Indian mathematics that first became available, that early Indian scholars in astronomy and computation lacked in proofs, but Yuktibhāṣā demonstrates otherwise. Some of its important topics include the infinite series expansions of functions; power series, including of π and π/4; trigonometric series of sine, cosine, and arctangent; Taylor series, including second and third order approximations of sine and cosine; radii, diameters and circumferences; and tests of convergence. Yuktibhāṣā mainly gives rationale for the results in Nilakantha's Tantra Samgraha. It is considered an early text on the ideas of calculus, predating Newton and Leibniz by centuries. The treatise was largely unnoticed outside India, as it was written in the local language of Malayalam. In modern times, due to wider international cooperation in mathematics, the wider world has taken notice of the work. For example, both Oxford University and the Royal Society of Great Britain have given attribution to pioneering mathematical theorems of Indian origin that predate their Western counterparts.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Haulage Systems
Mining is an industry that inherits the full advantage of Industry 4.0 by using cutting-edge driverless vehicles called Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS) or Autonomous Haulage Trucks (AHT). These trucks can carry up to four hundred tons of ore and accurately transport it without human interaction. AHS is the state-of-the-art in the mining industry for autonomous vehicles.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Fashion and Apparel Retail Industry
Compared to other industries, fashion apparel retail faces many challenges in predicting future demand for its products with a high degree of precision. Fashion products’ short life cycle, insufficient historical information, highly uncertain market demand, and periodic seasonal trends necessitate the use of models that can contribute to the efficient forecasting of products’ sales and demand. Many researchers have tried to address this problem using conventional forecasting models that predict future demands using historical sales information. Machine learning and deep learning models such as the support vector machine, neural network, and recurrent neural network are among many forecast models that have gained popularity among forecast researchers and practitioners given their ability to overcome the drawbacks of traditional linear forecast models.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Microwave Technology in Catalyst Production
The fundamentals and mechanisms of microwave irradiation are fundamentals of microwave technology. Two mechanisms of the microwave technology, electric field and magnetic field heating, which make microwave irradiation unique and potentially viable in numerous fields are included as well. These aspects are essential to be understood prior to investigating microwave-absorbing catalysts for the production of biofuel. With the outstanding benefit of microwave heating, the active sites of catalysts or entire catalysts can be heated selectively to enhance the catalytic performance. In the case of microwave-unabsorbing material, selective heating of the catalyst will result in heat transfer to organic solvents and eventually increases the conversion yield. The kinetic rate by microwave irradiation was higher than conventional heating by 1.15 times.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Cell Death Regulation
Telomerase is constitutively expressed in stem cells, including progenitor cells of skin, intestine and hematopoietic niches. It is temporarily induced in a number of proliferating cells, for example, in lymphocytes upon stimulation. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a core part of telomerase, is considered as an intriguing link between multiple signaling pathways.
  • 2.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs
The molecular effects of traditional and more recently FDA-approved Multiple Sclerosis (MS) drugs on four CNS cell types.
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  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles
Engineered Extracellular Vesicles are devices obtained through the surface modification of natural extracellular vesicles, both using direct and indirect methods, i.e. engineering of the parental cells. The aim of their production is to obtain extracellular vesicles that are more reliable in terms of reproducibility and that present some desired features, that can change depending on the application.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Patient-Centered Care for Depression Patients
People have specific and unique individual and contextual characteristics, so healthcare should increasingly opt for person-centered care models. Care planning focused on people with depression and/or anxiety disorder must be individualized, dynamic, flexible, and participatory. It must respond to the specific needs of the person, contemplating the identification of problems, the establishment of individual objectives, shared decision making, information and education, systematic feedback, and case management, and it should meet the patient’s preferences and satisfaction with care and involve the family and therapeutic management in care.
  • 2.2K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a process that has been intensively studied for years and has become significant and frequent topic. Numerous papers are describing its mechanism and performance, but each highlights different aspects. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the topic of vermicomposting and each of them has contributed to understanding the role of vermicompost, there are still unknowns that need to be additionally explored to maximize the potential of vermicompost and to recoup the process itself according to specific needs.
  • 2.2K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Smile
A smile is formed primarily by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth. Some smiles include a contraction of the muscles at the corner of the eyes, an action known as a Duchenne smile. Among humans, a smile expresses delight, sociability, happiness, joy or amusement. It is distinct from a similar but usually involuntary expression of anxiety known as a grimace. Although cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communication throughout the world, there are large differences among different cultures, religions and societies, with some using smiles to convey confusion or embarrassment.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental illness characterized by paranoid delusions, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others. People with this personality disorder may be hypersensitive, easily insulted, and habitually relate to the world by vigilant scanning of the environment for clues or suggestions that may validate their fears or biases. They are eager observers. They think they are in danger and look for signs and threats of that danger, potentially not appreciating other interpretations or evidence. They tend to be guarded and suspicious and have quite constricted emotional lives. Their reduced capacity for meaningful emotional involvement and the general pattern of isolated withdrawal often lend a quality of schizoid isolation to their life experience. People with PPD may have a tendency to bear grudges, suspiciousness, tendency to interpret others' actions as hostile, persistent tendency to self-reference, or a tenacious sense of personal right. Patients with this disorder can also have significant comorbidity with other personality disorders, such as schizotypal, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant and borderline.
  • 2.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Animal Ethics
Animal ethics is a term used in academia to name the branch of ethics that examines human-animal relationships, the moral consideration of animals and how nonhuman animals ought to be treated. The subject matter includes animal rights, animal welfare, animal law, speciesism, animal cognition, wildlife conservation, the moral status of nonhuman animals, the concept of nonhuman personhood, human exceptionalism, the history of animal use, and theories of justice. Several different theoretical approaches have been proposed to examine this field, in accordance to the different theories currently defended in moral and political philosophy.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SDA Bocconi School of Management
SDA Bocconi School of Management (SDA standing for Scuola di Direzione Aziendale) is the graduate business school of Bocconi University. SDA Bocconi offers executive, custom and MBA programs, as well as specialized masters, and regularly takes on research projects on commission. SDA Bocconi School of Management also has an offshore presence in Mumbai, India called the SDA Bocconi Asia Center. In 1998, SDA Bocconi was the first school in Italy to be accredited by EQUIS and is now one of only 100 business schools worldwide to hold the "triple crown", having been accredited by three international accreditation associations: AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA (Association of MBAs). The School has also been accredited by CSQNet and holds the ISO 9001:2000 quality rating from the Funded Projects Services Center.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Agro-Waste Management
It is urgent that we increase global food production to support population growth. Food production requires significant resources, amongst them water and energy. Therefore, any losses of food or other agricultural products also means a waste of water and energy resources. A significant amount of these losses occurs during the postharvest stage, primarily during processing and storage. This is considered avoidable food waste. The water-energy-waste nexus (WEW), and its relationship to food production, needs to be investigated from a circular bioeconomy lens. Furthermore, alternative uses of the wastes should be investigated. 
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Neurodegenerative Disabilities
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of versatile adult stem cells present in various organs. These cells give rise to extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a diverse array of biologically active elements, making them a promising approach for therapeutics and diagnostics. 
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Basalt Geochemistry in CO2 Storage
The geochemistry of basalt plays a crucial role in the storage of CO2, as it possesses natural properties that enable the capture and sequestration of CO2. Basalt exhibits a remarkable ability to react with CO2 and form stable carbonate minerals, a process known as mineral carbonation or carbon sequestration.
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Radial Arm Maze Task
The Radial Arm Maze (RAM), developed by Olton and Samuelson (1976) and quickly adapted in humans, is a high ecological spatial task, firstly used in a real environment and subsequently in the virtual one.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Na'vi Language
The Naʼvi language (Naʼvi: Lìʼfya leNaʼvi) is the constructed language of the Naʼvi, the sapient humanoid indigenous inhabitants of the fictional moon Pandora in the 2009 film Avatar. It was created by Paul Frommer, a professor at the USC Marshall School of Business with a doctorate in linguistics. Naʼvi was designed to fit James Cameron's conception of what the language should sound like in the film, to be realistically learnable by the fictional human characters of the film, and to be pronounceable by the actors, but to not closely resemble any single human language. When the film was released in 2009, Naʼvi had a growing vocabulary of about a thousand words, but understanding of its grammar was limited to the language's creator. However, this has changed subsequently as Frommer has expanded the lexicon to more than 2900 words and has published the grammar, thus making Naʼvi a relatively complete, learnable and serviceable language.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Main Factors Affect the Flavor of Sauce-Aroma Baijiu
Sauce-aroma Baijiu is a distilled Baijiu well-known in China, and features a unique sauce-aroma style formed by a complex producing process in a specific geographical environment. The production of Sauce-aroma Baijiu mainly depends on microbial interactions and metabolisms in a complex brewing process, in which raw materials, geographical environment, and brewing and storage technology are the main factors affecting the flavor formation, and research on these factors will help to improve the quality of Sauce-aroma Baijiu. Sorghum is the main brewing raw material for the production of Sauce-aroma Baijiu, the starch, protein, fat, and tannin in which provide the energy source and the material basis for microbial fermentation and metabolism. The structural and content differences of these components influence both the yield and the quality of Sauce-aroma Baijiu. The main factor contributing to different Baijiu manufacturers forming their own unique styles is the geographical environment, which makes it also a prerequisite for stabilizing the production quality of sorghum grains to ensure a stable planting area. The influence of storage on Baijiu quality not only is affected by the storage time, but is also subject to factors such as the storage container, storage environment, Baijiu quality, cost input, Baijiu warehouse management, etc.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Geographic Description of North Macedonia
North Macedonia is a landlocked country in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula between 40°50′ and 42°20′ north latitude and between 20°28′ and 23°05′ east longitude, with an area of about 25,700 km2.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Apr 2024
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