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Topic Review
Resveratrol in Aging COVID-19 Patients
COVID-19 symptoms are highly heterogeneous, and the patient may be asymptomatic or may present with mild to severe or fatal symptoms. Factors, such as age, sex, and comorbidities, are key determinants of illness severity and progression. Aging is accompanied by multiple deficiencies in interferon production by dendritic cells or macrophages in response to viral infections, resulting in dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses and excess oxidative stress. Age-related dysregulation of immune function may cause a more obvious pathophysiological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in elderly patients and may accelerate the risk of biological aging, even after recovery. Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant with antiviral activity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Acetylcholine Receptors
Acetylcholine is a widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter. Within the human body, it is present in both branches of the autonomic nervous system: within the parasympathetic system in pre- and postganglionic cells, and within the sympathetic system in preganglionic cells. It is also a neurotransmitter at the periphery within the neuromuscular junction.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Omega-3 LCPUFAs against Age-Related Cognitive Impairment
Among nutrients to cope with aging in special cognitive decline, the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have emerged as very promising ones. Due to their neuroinflammatory resolving effects, an increased status of DHA and EPA in the elderly has been linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia. Recently, supplementation with structured forms of EPA and DHA, which can be derived natural forms or targeted structures, have proven enhanced bioavailability and powerful benefits. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Roles of LacdiNAc Group on N- and O-glycans
The GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) group is widely expressed on N- and O-glycans in invertebrates, in particular, parasitic helminths. An increasing number of studies have shown that the disaccharide GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) group bound to N- and O-glycans in glycoproteins is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells. Biosynthesis of the LacdiNAc group was well studied, and two β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAcT3 and β4GalNAcT4, have been shown to transfer N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of N- and O-glycans in a β-1,4-linkage. The LacdiNAc group is often sialylated, sulfated, and/or fucosylated, and the LacdiNAc group, with or without these modifications, is recognized by receptors and lectins and is thus involved in the regulation of several biological phenomena, such as cell differentiation.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus Cure
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small, enveloped, and partially double-stranded DNA virus of the Hepadnaviridae family that infects hepatocytes, establishes its replication cycle, and persists in the nucleus.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Signalling in Alzheimer’s Brain
The Wnt signalling system is essential for both the developing and adult central nervous system. It regulates numerous cellular functions ranging from neurogenesis to blood brain barrier biology. Dysregulated Wnt signalling can thus have significant consequences for normal brain function, which is becoming increasingly clear in Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that is the most prevalent form of dementia. AD exhibits a range of pathophysiological manifestations including aberrant amyloid precursor protein processing, tau pathology, synapse loss, neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier breakdown, which have been associated to a greater or lesser degree with abnormal Wnt signalling. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biotechnological Tools to Develop Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Plants
Biotechnological tools include several methods used for plants to develop tolerance to abiotic stress. The genetic transformation of tomato relies highly on the tissue culture technique. Advances in the field of plant genetic transformation have enabled the identification of genes that are responsible for tolerance to different environmental stresses. Various biotechnological tools can be used to alter the tomato genes so that this species can more rapidly or better adapt to abiotic stress. Further advancement in understanding the genomics of wild relatives of tomatoes and other Solanaceae has facilitated their exploitation in various breeding programs aiming to introgress genes responsible for abiotic stress resistance in cultivars.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Response of Primary Metabolites to Abiotic Stresses
Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epigenomic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia
       Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex array of signs and symptoms that causes very significant disability in young people. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, with heritability around 80%, there is also a very significant range of environmental exposures and stressors that have been implicated in disease development and neuropathology, such as maternal immune infection, obstetric complications, childhood trauma and cannabis exposure. It is postulated that epigenetic factors, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs, mediate the effects of these environmental stressors. In this review, we explore the most well-known epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation and histone modification, along with emerging RNA mediators of epigenomic state, including miRNAs and lncRNAs, and discuss their collective potential for involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia implicated through the postmortem analysis of brain tissue. Given that peripheral tissues, such as blood, saliva, and olfactory epithelium have the same genetic composition and are exposed to many of the same environmental exposures, we also examine some studies supporting the application of peripheral tissues for epigenomic biomarker discovery in schizophrenia. Finally, we provide some perspective on how these biomarkers may be utilised to capture a signature of past events that informs future treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease (CD) is a multifactiorial enteropathy that affects the small intestine of genetically predisposed individuals. A condition of partial to total atrophy, together with crypt hyperplasia and consistent lymphocytic infiltration, characterises the intestinal mucosa of affected patients. The main environmental trigger is a heterogenic proteic component of some dietary cereals, commonly known as gluten. A strong immune response against gluten, both cellular and humoral, is mounted in CD, accompanied by a humoral autoimmune response against self-proteins, in particular type 2 transglutaminase (TG2).
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Choroid Plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the liquid that fills the brain ventricles. CSF represents not only a mechanical brain protection but also a rich source of signalling factors modulating diverse processes during brain development and adulthood. The choroid plexus (CP) is a major source of CSF and as such it has recently emerged as an important mediator of extracellular signalling within the brain. Growing interest in the CP revealed its capacity to release a broad variety of bioactive molecules that, via CSF, regulate processes across the whole central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, CP has been also recognized as a sensor, responding to altered composition of CSF associated with changes in the patterns of CNS activity. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the CP as a signalling centre that mediates long-range communication in the CNS. By providing a detailed account of the CP secretory repertoire, we describe how the CP contributes to the regulation of the extracellular environment—in the context of both the embryonal as well as the adult CNS. We highlight the role of the CP as an important regulator of CNS function that acts via CSF-mediated signalling. Further studies of CP–CSF signalling hold the potential to provide key insights into the biology of the CNS, with implications for better understanding and treatment of neuropathological conditions.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Helicobacter pylori-Infection
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles important in intercellular communication that play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions, spreading pathogen-derived, as well as host-derived molecules during infection. Pathogens can induce changes in the composition of EVs derived from the infected cells and use them to manipulate their microenvironment and, for instance, modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses, both in a stimulatory or suppressive manner. Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered the main risk factor for developing this disease, which is characterized by a strong inflammatory component. EVs released by host cells infected with H. pylori contribute significantly to inflammation, and in doing so promote the development of disease. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Rumex Species
Today, more than ever, the search for non-trivial sources of biologically active substances is critical. Plants of the genus Rumex are noteworthy. Plants of this genus stand out for a number of advantages from the dominant plant core of meadow phytocenoses of the temperate climatic zone: a short growing season, an intensive increase in biomass, and undemanding growth conditions. In addition, this plant genus is known as a super-producer of secondary phenolic compounds.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing in GBM
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy of the brain and spinal cord with a poor life expectancy. The low survivability of GBM patients can be attributed, in part, to its heterogeneity and the presence of multiple genetic alterations causing rapid tumor growth and resistance to conventional therapy. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) nuclease 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system is a cost-effective and reliable gene editing technology, which is widely used in cancer research. It leads to novel discoveries of various oncogenes that regulate autophagy, angiogenesis, and invasion and play important role in pathogenesis of various malignancies, including GBM.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
A Paraoxonase for All Seasons
Paraoxonases (PON) are a multigene family consisting of three enzymes, PON1, PON2, and PON3, located on human chromosome 7 (7q21.3–22.1). All three PONs have been shown to act as antioxidants and consequently have anti-inflammatory effects in various disease states such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Methods for Liquid Biopsy
The screening and early diagnosis of diseases are crucial for a patient’s treatment to be successful and to improve their survival rate, especially for cancer. The development of non-invasive analytical methods able to detect the biomarkers of pathologies is a critical point to define a successful treatment and a good outcome. A biopsy is a technique in which tissue samples are taken from the body and examined under a microscope to see if cancer (though the concept is applicable to many other diseases) or abnormal cells are present. Electrochemical methods, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), play a crucial role in both the development of biosensors and the evaluation of their performance. These methods are highly valuable approaches in the field of liquid biopsy.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ribosome Protection Proteins
Ribosome is one of the most conserved and sophisticated macromolecular machines that carries out the essential process of protein synthesis in cells. Given the essential function of ribosome as well as difference of bacterial and eukaryotic ribosome, it has been an active target for over half clinically used antibiotics.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
NETs and Cardiovascular Diseases
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) significantly contribute to various pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. NET formation in the vasculature exhibits inflammatory and thrombogenic activities on the endothelium. NETs are induced by various stimulants such as exogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Peptide Hormones and Adipose Tissue
Peptide hormones play a prominent role in controlling energy homeostasis and metabolism. They have been implicated in controlling appetite, the function of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, energy expenditure, and reproduction. Furthermore, there is growing evidence indicating that peptide hormones and their receptors contribute to energy homeostasis regulation by interacting with white and brown adipose tissue.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mineral Nutrient Biomarkers and Its Applications in Epidemiology
Minerals are dietary supplements that are essential for preserving healthy physiology and function. Mineral elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) are highly valued in modern healthy diets as they have special roles in cellular metabolism. In addition, the oxidative or antioxidant properties of certain metals may affect cardiovascular health, and reduce the risk of anemia, cancer and so on. Therefore, adequate intake of essential minerals through diet and/or supplements is recommended to promote health. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Mar 2023
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