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Topic Review
Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching
The metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) technique is commonly employed for texturing the wafer surfaces when fabricating black silicon (BSi) solar cells and is considered to be a potential technique to improve the efficiency of traditional Si-based solar cells.
  • 2.2K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbonation of Concrete
As one of the major causes of concrete deterioration, the carbonation of concrete has been widely investigated over recent decades. In recent years, the effect of mechanical load on carbonation has started to attract more attention. The load-induced variations in crack pattern and pore structure have a significant influence on CO2 transport which determines the carbonation rate. 
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Amylin Receptors
Amylin, a peptide hormone with 37 residue units, has been linked as a putative target for cognitive damage and glycemic irregularities in relation to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
2021 Peptides and Oligonucleotides Harvest
From the medical, pharmaceutical, and social perspectives, 2021 has been a year dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite this global health crisis, the pharmaceutical industry has continued its endeavors, and 2021 could be considered an excellent year in terms of the drugs accepted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thus, during this year, the FDA has approved 50 novel drugs, of which 36 are new chemical entities and 14 biologics. It has also authorized 10 TIDES (8 peptides, 2 oligonucleotides), in addition to 2 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) whose structures contain peptides.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Fungi That Degrade Plastic
Plastic has become established over the world as an essential basic need for our daily life. Plastics have many characteristics such as low production costs, inertness, relatively low weight, and durability. The primary disadvantage of plastics is their extremely slow natural degradation. The latter results in an accumulation of plastic waste in nature. Many fungi can be used to degrade plastics.
  • 2.2K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Genetically-Encoded Probes for Live-Cell Imaging of Histone Modifications
Epigenetic modifications of histones (methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, etc.) are of great importance in determining the functional state of chromatin. There are various fluorescent probes for histone modification detection. Various types of live-cell imaging epigenetic sensors suitable for conventional as well as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy are described.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Measurement and Signature Intelligence
Measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) is a technical branch of intelligence gathering, which serves to detect, track, identify or describe the distinctive characteristics (signatures) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. MASINT is defined as scientific and technical intelligence derived from the analysis of data obtained from sensing instruments for the purpose of identifying any distinctive features associated with the source, emitter or sender, to facilitate the latter's measurement and identification. MASINT specialists themselves struggle with providing simple explanations of their field. One attempt calls it the “CSI” of the intelligence community, in imitation of the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. This emphasizes how MASINT depends on a great many sciences to interpret data. Another possible definition calls it "astronomy except for the direction of view." The allusion here is to observational astronomy being a set of techniques that do remote sensing looking away from the earth (contrasted with how MASINT employs remote sensing looking toward the earth). Astronomers make observations in multiple electromagnetic spectra, ranging through radio waves, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, into the X-ray spectrum and beyond. They correlate these multispectral observations and create hybrid, often “false-color” images to give a visual representation of wavelength and energy, but much of their detailed information is more likely a graph of such things as intensity and wavelength versus viewing angle.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Agro-Waste Management
It is urgent that we increase global food production to support population growth. Food production requires significant resources, amongst them water and energy. Therefore, any losses of food or other agricultural products also means a waste of water and energy resources. A significant amount of these losses occurs during the postharvest stage, primarily during processing and storage. This is considered avoidable food waste. The water-energy-waste nexus (WEW), and its relationship to food production, needs to be investigated from a circular bioeconomy lens. Furthermore, alternative uses of the wastes should be investigated. 
  • 2.2K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
City Cargo Transportation by Trams
A city’s transport and distribution system requires the effective organization of urban freight deliveries that take into consideration the economic, ecological, and social impact. Implementation of the concept of green logistics necessitates the use of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient modes of transport, which consider the existing infrastructure and the possibility of its development.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Jun 2026
Topic Review
Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) triggered by infection is still one of the major causes of acute kidney injury. During the previous two decades, there has been a major paradigm shift in the epidemiology of AGN. The incidence of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN), which develops after the cure of group A Streptococcus infection in children has decreased, whereas adult AGN cases have been increasing, and those associated with nonstreptococcal infections, particularly infections by Staphylococcus, are now as common as PSAGN.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Exsolution on Perovskite-Based Catalysts
In heterogeneous catalysis, surfaces decorated with uniformly dispersed, catalytically-active (nano)particles are a key requirement for excellent performance. Besides standard catalyst preparation routines—with limitations in controlling catalyst surface structure (i.e., particle size distribution or dispersion)—exsolution is a potential novel and time efficient route to precisely tailor catalyst surface morphology and composition of perovskites: Perovskite-type oxides of nominal composition ABO3 with transition metal cations on the B-site can exsolve the B-site transition metal upon controlled reduction. In this exsolution process, the transition metal emerges from the oxide lattice and migrates to the surface where it forms catalytically active nanoparticles. Doping the B-site with reducible and catalytically highly active elements, offers the opportunity of tailoring properties of exsolution catalysts.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Human Nutrition
A healthy diet combined with physical activity have been shown to ameliorate glycaemic levels and insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight and the risk of chronic diseases, and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life. Among nutrients, phytosterols have become the focus of growing attention as novel functional foods in the management of metabolic disorders. Phytosterols are natural plant compounds belonging to the triterpene family and are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,and the benefits they offer to the immune system.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Study of Animal Locomotion
The study of animal locomotion is a branch of biology that investigates and quantifies how animals move.
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Seaplane
A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes are usually divided into two categories based on their technological characteristics: floatplanes and flying boats; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far more. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibious aircraft, or amphibians. Seaplanes were sometimes called hydroplanes, but currently this term applies instead to motor-powered watercraft that use the technique of hydrodynamic lift to skim the surface of water when running at speed. The use of seaplanes gradually tapered off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war. In the 21st century, seaplanes maintain a few niche uses, such as for aerial firefighting, air transport around archipelagos, and access to undeveloped or roadless areas, some of which have numerous lakes.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Weld Pool Formation in Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding
The Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding (KPAW) process utilizes arc plasma highly constricted by a water-cooled cupper nozzle to produce great arc pressure for opening a keyhole in the weld pool, achieving full penetration to the thick plate. However, advanced control of welding is known to still be difficult due to the complexity of the process mechanism, in which thermal and dynamic interactions among the arc, keyhole, and weld pool are critically important. In KPAW, two large eddies are generally formed in the weld pool behind the keyhole by plasma shear force as the dominant driving force. These govern the heat transport process in the weld pool and have a strong influence on the weld pool formation process. The weld pool flow velocity is much faster than those of other welding processes such as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welding, enhancing the heat transport to lower the weld pool surface temperature. Since the strength and direction of this shear force strongly depend on the keyhole shape, it is possible to control the weld pool formation process by changing the keyhole shape by adjusting the torch design and operating parameters. If the lower eddy is relatively stronger, the heat transport to the bottom side increases and the penetration increases. However, burn-through is more likely to occur, and heat transport to the top side decreases, causing undercut. In order to realize further sophistication of KPAW, a deep theoretical understanding of the process mechanism is essential. 
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Milk Mixtures
This entry describes the most important research on cheeses obtained from processing mixtures of different milk species and discusses the effect of milk species and their mixture ratios on cheeses features (biochemical composition, physicochemical and rheological characteristics, sensory properties, and microbial ecosystem).
  • 2.2K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Plant Adaptation
Unlike animals, plants are immobile and could not actively escape the effects of aggressive environmental factors, such as pathogenic microorganisms, insect pests, parasitic plants, extreme temperatures, drought, and many others. To counteract these unfavorable encounters, plants have evolved very high phenotypic plasticity. In a rapidly changing environment, adaptive phenotypic changes often occur in time frames that are too short for the natural selection of adaptive mutations. Probably, some kind of epigenetic variability underlines environmental adaptation in these cases. Indeed, isogenic plants often have quite variable phenotypes in different habitats. There are examples of successful “invasions” of relatively small and genetically homogenous plant populations into entirely new habitats. The unique capability of quick environmental adaptation appears to be due to a high tendency to transmit epigenetic changes between plant generations. Multiple studies show that epigenetic memory serves as a mechanism of plant adaptation to a rapidly changing environment and, in particular, to aggressive biotic and abiotic stresses. In wild nature, this mechanism underlies, to a very significant extent, plant capability to live in different habitats and endure drastic environmental changes. In agriculture, a deep understanding of this mechanism could serve to elaborate more effective and safe approaches to plant protection.
  • 2.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Biochar with Alternate-Wetting and Drying-Irrigation
  To minimize excess water usage, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation practice is considered as an efficient technique in which soil intermittently dried during the growing period of rice by maintaining yield compared to a flooded system. Continuous AWD may result in poor soil health caused by carbon loss, nutrient depletion, cracking, and affecting soil physical properties. Due to being a potential organic amendment, biochar has a great scope to overcome these problems by improving soil’s physicochemical properties.
  • 2.2K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Autonomous Haulage Systems
Mining is an industry that inherits the full advantage of Industry 4.0 by using cutting-edge driverless vehicles called Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS) or Autonomous Haulage Trucks (AHT). These trucks can carry up to four hundred tons of ore and accurately transport it without human interaction. AHS is the state-of-the-art in the mining industry for autonomous vehicles.
  • 2.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles in Foods
Inorganic or organic nanoparticles are often incorporated into foods to enhance their quality, stability, nutrition, or safety. When they pass through the gastrointestinal environment, the properties of these nanoparticles are altered, which impacts their biological effects and potential toxicity. Consequently, there is a need to understand how different kinds of nanoparticles behave within the gastrointestinal tract.
  • 2.2K
  • 07 Apr 2022
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