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Topic Review
Aircraft 4D Trajectory Prediction in Civil Aviation
Aircraft four dimensional (4D, including longitude, latitude, altitude and time) trajectory prediction is a key technology for existing automation systems and the basis for future trajectory-based operations. The trajectory prediction is the process of estimating the future states of the aircraft based on the current aircraft state, estimation of the pilot and controller intent, expected environmental conditions, and computer models of aircraft performance and procedures.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Findings of Lung Nodule or Mass
Systemic endemic mycoses are a group of dimorphic fungi prevalent in specific geographical locations. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcosis gattii, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are the primary pulmonary fungal pathogens of otherwise healthy people. Acute or chronic fungal infections may manifest as solitary or multiple lung nodules or masses. The most frequent pathogens are histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and blastomycosis. The nodules have a nonspecific appearance, may be ill or well-defined, have regular or spiculated borders, and may also demonstrate cavitation or ground glass halo.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PIEZO1
PIEZO1 is ubiquitously expressed in cells in different kinds of tissues throughout the body, which can sense physical or mechanical stimuli and translate them into intracellular electrochemical signals to regulate organism functions. In particular, PIEZO1 appears in complex interactive regulatory networks as a central node, governing normal and pathological functions in the body. PIEZO1 converts mechanical stimuli (strain) into biochemical signals, inducing alterations in protein conformation and activating intracellular biochemical signaling pathways.
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The NLRP3 Inflammasome
As a critical component of the innate immune system, the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome can be activated by various endogenous and exogenous danger signals. Activation of this cytosolic multiprotein complex triggers the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and initiates pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death. The NLRP3 inflammasome fuels both chronic and acute inflammatory conditions and is critical in the emergence of inflammaging. Recent advances have highlighted that various metabolic pathways converge as potent regulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This review focuses on our current understanding of the metabolic regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to inflammaging.
  • 2.2K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Seaweed Cultivation and Its Applications in Colombia
Colombia has a diverse range of marine ecosystems in the coastal and insular areas of the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Seaweed research has focused mainly on the identification and taxonomic distribution of 628 species identified so far, mainly in the Caribbean Sea. Among the most widely cultivated genera of seaweeds in open-sea pilot systems in Colombia are Hydropuntia, Gracilaria, Hypnea, Kappaphycus, and Eucheuma. These genera have shown low yields as a consequence of high tissue fragility, epiphytism, sedimentation, and nitrogen deficiency. In addition, the evaluation of the biological activity of selected seaweed compounds has advanced considerably, focusing on their composition and their use for direct consumption by humans and animals. Despite the diversity of seaweeds, as well as certain technical and scientific advances, Colombia is still lagging behind other countries in seaweed exploitation, both in Latin America and worldwide.
  • 2.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Different Anisotropic-Strata Interface and Refraction
The strata model inside the earth is close to physical reality. The strata layers can be macro-anisotropic but transversely isotropic, where some are vertically symmetric and the others are not. The macroscopic anisotropy is significant for seismic waves with long wave-length regarding propagation, reflection, refraction, and polarization. This topic review provides the most recent theoretical development related to geophysical applications. 
  • 2.2K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hybrid Construction Machinery
Hybrid Construction Machinery (HCM), known as an effective and crucial solution for the issues of environment pollution and energy shortage. Central feature is the drive system of the construction machinery consists of two or more independent drive systems that can work simultaneously.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Cellulose and Extracellular Matrixes Hydrogels
Application of biomaterials is one of the most innovative treatments for heart regeneration, involving the use of hydrogels from decellularized extracellular matrix, and their association with nanomaterials, such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid and gelatin. A promising material is bacterial cellulose hydrogel, due to its nanostructure and morphology being similar to collagen. Cellulose provides support and immobilization of cells, which can result in better cell adhesion, growth and proliferation, making it a safe and innovative material for cardiovascular repair.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Campylobacter Upsaliensis
Campylobacter upsaliensis is a gram negative bacteria in the Campylobacter genus. C. upsaliensis is found worldwide, and is a common cause of Campylobacteriosis in humans, as well as gastroenteritis in dogs. Human infections are primarily associated with raw or undercooked meat and contaminated water sources, however there is some zoonotic risk associated with the spread from dogs. C. upsaliensis primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract as it damages gastrointestinal epithelial cells. There are many methods for detecting C.upsaliensis including PCR and ELISA, however there is no current gold standard in detection techniques. Infection is typically self limiting, however there is antimicrobial therapy available.
  • 2.2K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress
To reduce excess soil salinity, plant scientists are employing techniques such as sub-soiling, mixing sand, seed bed preparation, and salt scraping, as well as modern agronomic practices, hydrophilic polymer, gypsum, sulfur acids, green manuring, humic substance, farm yard manures, irrigation system, and salt-tolerant crops. Different organic amendments such as the application of vermi-compost (VC), vermi-wash (VW), biochar (BC), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and bio-fertilizers (BF) are being used widely to ameliorate the negative consequences of soil salinity. The organic amendments mitigate salt stress via a wide range of mechanisms, including the regulation of ionic homeostasis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the reduction of oxidative damage. Several studies described that PGPR and BC relieved the negative effects of salinity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme functions, secondary metabolites accumulation, and decreasing ROS in plants. Organic amendments such as VC and VW include a variety of plant growth-regulating components such as micro and macro elements, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones that have been shown to reduce the harmful effects of salts on plants. 
  • 2.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thiomersal Controversy
The thiomersal controversy describes claims that vaccines containing the mercury-based preservative thiomersal contribute to the development of autism and other brain development disorders. Thimerosal is no longer used in children's vaccines in the United States, except some types of flu shots. While exposure to mercury may result in damage to brain, kidneys, and developing fetus, the current scientific consensus has found no convincing scientific evidence supporting claims that thiomersal has such effects. Thiomersal (also spelled thimerosal, especially in the United States) is an organomercury compound used as a preservative in vaccines since the 1930s to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. Following a mandated review of mercury-containing food and drugs in 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) asked vaccine makers to remove thiomersal from vaccines as quickly as possible as a precautionary measure, and it was rapidly phased out of most US and EU vaccines, but is still used in multi-dose vials of flu vaccines in both jurisdictions. In the context of perceived increased autism rates and increased number of vaccines in the childhood vaccination schedule, some parents believed the action to remove thiomersal was an indication that the preservative caused autism. The potential impact of thiomersal on autism has been investigated extensively. Multiple lines of scientific evidence have shown that thiomersal does not cause autism. For example, the clinical symptoms of mercury poisoning differ significantly from those of autism. In addition, multiple population studies have found no association between thiomersal and autism, and rates of autism have continued to increase despite removal of thiomersal from vaccines. Thus, major scientific and medical bodies such as the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) as well as governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the CDC reject any role for thiomersal in autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders. In spite of the consensus of the scientific community, some parents and advocacy groups continue to contend that thiomersal is linked to autism. This controversy has caused harm due to parents attempting to treat their autistic children with unproven and possibly dangerous treatments, discouraging parents from vaccinating their children due to fears about thiomersal toxicity and diverting resources away from research into more promising areas for the cause of autism. Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the U.S. to seek damages from alleged toxicity from vaccines, including those purportedly caused by thiomersal. US courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal. A 2011 journal article described the vaccine-autism connection as "perhaps, the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". Outside of the United States, worries about thiomersal had not gained any significant traction as of 2009.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Brassinosteroids in Growth and Development of Plants
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated steroidal phytohormones that are required for the development, growth, and productivity of plants. These hormones are involved in regulating the division, elongation, and differentiation of numerous cell types throughout the entire plant life cycle.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Brominated Flame Retardants
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are the compounds used to reduce flammability and/or retard combustion of organic materials, mostly of polymerized plastics. Despite increasing regulations and a ban on the use of selected BFRs, the compounds of this family, such as TBBPA are still widely used on the market. The widespread use of BFRs contributes to the exposure of the environmental and the human.
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Unqiue Hyaluronic Acid
Hyaluronic acid (also known as sodium hyaluronate or hyaluronan) is a straight-chain, natural polysaccharide and the only nonsulfated GAG composed of alternating (1–4)-β d-glucuronic and (1–3)-β N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units. Both carbohydrate units are spatially related to glucose; therefore, in the β-configuration, it is possible for all their bulky groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl groups and the anomeric carbon on the neighboring sugar) to be in sterically favorable planes, while all the small hydrogen atoms occupy less sterically favorable axial positions. This chemical structure of HA is energetically very stable because of interactions between hydrophobic and intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the acetamide and carboxylate groups.
  • 2.2K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
Environmental changes and heavy metal pollution are some of the consequences of anthropogenic activities. Many ecosystems, including edaphic ecosystems, suffer from the effects of pollution. The accurate assessment of soil heavy metal contamination leads to better approaches for remediating soils. The exploration of different ways, including biological methods, to conduct environmental monitoring is still ongoing.
  • 2.2K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Proxy Modeling Highlighting Applications for Reservoir Engineering
Numerical models can be used for many purposes in oil and gas engineering, such as production optimization and forecasting, uncertainty analysis, history matching, and risk assessment. However, subsurface problems are complex and non-linear, and making reliable decisions in reservoir management requires substantial computational effort. Proxy models have gained much attention in recent years. They are advanced non-linear interpolation tables that can approximate complex models and alleviate computational effort. Proxy models are constructed by running high-fidelity models to gather the necessary data to create the proxy model. Once constructed, they can be a great choice for different tasks such as uncertainty analysis, optimization, forecasting, etc. The application of proxy modeling in oil and gas has had an increasing trend in recent years, and there is no consensus rule on the correct choice of proxy model. As a result, it is crucial to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of various proxy models.
  • 2.2K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
p16 in Different Tissues and Organs
P16 is a tumor suppressor gene, which has been termed with several names such as the multiple tumor suppressor-1 (MTS-1), the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4a (INK4A), or the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2a (CDKN2A). The human p16 gene is located on the short arm of chromosome (9p21.3). The p16 transcript is composed of three exons which encode 156 amino acids. The use of an alternative reading frame generates the human p14Arf protein (p19Arf in mice). In several selected tissues and organs, including skin, bones, lungs, brain, heart, kidney, and liver, it is intended to address the well-known function of p16 in senescence and aging, and discuss several functions of p16, which might be more related to its classical role as a cell cycle regulator.
  • 2.2K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Feline Panleukopenia
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) is a species of parvovirus that can infect all wild and domestic members of the felid (cat) family worldwide. It is a highly contagious, severe infection that causes gastrointestinal, immune system, and nervous system disease. ("Panleukopenia" means a decrease in the number of white blood cells.) It has been thought to be single variant of Carnivore protoparvovirus (CPV 1); however, it has been confirmed that a feline panleukopenia illness can be caused by CPV 2a, 2b, and 2c. FPLV is commonly referred to as: It is sometimes confusingly referred to as "cat plague" and "feline distemper". In addition to members of the felid family, it can also affect some members of related families (e.g. raccoon, mink).
  • 2.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Pigments in Contemporary Biotechnology and Pharmacological Applications
Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry. Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people’s health. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Microbial pigments are categorized as secondary metabolites and are mainly produced due to impaired metabolism under stressful conditions. These pigments have vibrant shades and possess nutritional and therapeutic properties compared to synthetic pigment. Microbial pigments are now widely used within the pharmaceuticals, food, paints, and textile industries. The pharmaceutical industries currently use bacterial pigments as a medicine alternative for cancer and many other bacterial infections. Their growing popularity is a result of their low cost, biodegradable, non-carcinogenic, and environmentally beneficial attributes. 
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Consumers’ Preference for Local Food
The discussion on local food has been gaining attention in recent years, but there is still a lack of clear understanding of the term ‘local food’ in the literature. The relationship between local food and sustainability issues is still unclear and has various connotations. The discordance leads to further discussions on whether buying local food should be considered a sustainable behavior and whether consumer preference for local food can be perceived as a sustainable practice.
  • 2.2K
  • 04 Mar 2022
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