Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Md.Asif Mahamud
 -- 2514 2022-11-02 10:17:05 |
2 update references and layout
Amina Yu
 + 7 word(s) 2521 2022-11-03 02:37:05 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Hoque, M.N.;  Imran, S.;  Hannan, A.;  Paul, N.C.;  Mahamud, M.A.;  Chakrobortty, J.;  Sarker, P.;  Irin, I.J.;  Brestic, M.;  Rhaman, M.S. Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32518 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Hoque MN,  Imran S,  Hannan A,  Paul NC,  Mahamud MA,  Chakrobortty J, et al. Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32518. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Hoque, Md. Najmol, Shahin Imran, Afsana Hannan, Newton Chandra Paul, Md. Asif Mahamud, Jotirmoy Chakrobortty, Prosenjit Sarker, Israt Jahan Irin, Marian Brestic, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman. "Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32518 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Hoque, M.N.,  Imran, S.,  Hannan, A.,  Paul, N.C.,  Mahamud, M.A.,  Chakrobortty, J.,  Sarker, P.,  Irin, I.J.,  Brestic, M., & Rhaman, M.S. (2022, November 02). Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32518
Hoque, Md. Najmol, et al. "Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress." Encyclopedia. Web. 02 November, 2022.
Organic Amendments for Mitigation of Plants' Salinity Stress
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/life12101632

To reduce excess soil salinity, plant scientists are employing techniques such as sub-soiling, mixing sand, seed bed preparation, and salt scraping, as well as modern agronomic practices, hydrophilic polymer, gypsum, sulfur acids, green manuring, humic substance, farm yard manures, irrigation system, and salt-tolerant crops. Different organic amendments such as the application of vermi-compost (VC), vermi-wash (VW), biochar (BC), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and bio-fertilizers (BF) are being used widely to ameliorate the negative consequences of soil salinity. The organic amendments mitigate salt stress via a wide range of mechanisms, including the regulation of ionic homeostasis, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the reduction of oxidative damage. Several studies described that PGPR and BC relieved the negative effects of salinity by increasing the photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme functions, secondary metabolites accumulation, and decreasing ROS in plants. Organic amendments such as VC and VW include a variety of plant growth-regulating components such as micro and macro elements, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones that have been shown to reduce the harmful effects of salts on plants. 

bio-fertilizer ionic homeostasis organic amendments salinity vermicompost

1. Vermicompost and Vermiwash

The vermi-compost (VC) is an organic fertilizer that is prepared through the conversion of organic wastes by worms [1], and is rich in different enzymes including humic and fulvic acids [2]. It contains a number of plant growth regulating substances (micro and macro elements, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones) and has anti-stress effects [3][4]. Earthworms in VC have beneficial effects on soil qualities such as physical, chemical, and biological properties [5], as well as increasing plant development and production by making nutrients available to the plant [6].
The vermiwash (VW) and vermicompost leachate (VCL) are two important derivatives prepared from vermicompost. The VW is a clear, translucent, pale-yellow fluid obtained by passing water through a column of the vermi-worms’ excreta, which contains mucus secretions as well as micronutrients from decomposed organic sources [7]. Khan et al. [8] reported that VW has been utilized as an organic fertilizer for plants, and is a rich source of amino acids, vitamins, N, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, auxins and cytokinins. The VCL is a liquid that is collected when water drains over decomposing solids [9]. This liquid may drain out from a traditional compost bin or a worm bin. Leachate is used as soil drench after dilution. VCL appears to be an effective and environmental friendly VC derivative for lowering salt’s harmful impact on bean seedlings [10]. It was demonstrated that vermicompost promoted seed germination, root and shoot growth, proline accumulation, and oxidative stress management (Figure 1, [11][12][13]). In addition, VCL alleviates salt stress by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, promoting antioxidant enzyme activity, and reducing electrolyte leakage [3]. Among the various organic amendments practices, VC and VW are low-cost techniques to reduce the detrimental impact of salts on plants. The VC has been shown to reduce salt toxicity and enhance the emergence rate and seedling growth of different plants [14][15]. The VC enhances soil organic matter in salt soils by decreasing electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density and increasing field capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and cation exchange capacity [16].
Life 12 01632 g001 550
Figure 1. Stress relief and possible plant responses by VC, VW, biochar (BC), and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).
A number of studies show that VC enhanced salinity tolerance and improved the morphological characteristics such as stem and root length, fresh and dry weight of root-shoot, vigor index, leaf area, and dry weight per plant [14][17][18][19]. It has been reported that VC boosted Na+ exclusion and K+ accumulation, alleviated stomatal restriction, raised leaf pigment concentrations, improved root activity, decreased oxidative damage in Fountain Grass, and improved salt tolerance [20]. In addition, VC application in maize and tomato plants under salt stress improved Chl a, Chl b, Total Chl, carotenoids, CAT, POD, and SOD and lowered H2O2 and MDA [21][22]. The addition of VC and VW to potato improved growth metrics, plant height, stem diameter, and tuber features, reducing the impact of salt stress [23]. Liu et al. [24] found that in coastal saline soil, VC application in maize increased nutrient availability and soil macro-aggregates by up to 91.02 percent. The soil amendment of VC increased exchangeable K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, plant height, total dry matter content, and decreased exchangeable Na+ in the saline soil [25][26][27]. In addition, VC application reduced salt-induced injuries of plants grown in saline soil by increasing relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll-a, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) activities and decreased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels [15][28][29][30].

2. Biochar

BC is a carbon-rich organic substance with a porous structure, a wide surface area, and a high ion exchange ability that improves the physical qualities of agricultural soil [31][32]. A number of studies found that BC application improves the different physio-biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, hormonal and enzymatic activity in plants and decreases the harmful effects of salt stress on plants.
Morphological attributes such as seedling emergence, plant height, shoot biomass, root biomass, leaf area, dry matter, and yield of plants under salinity stress have been shown to be improved by BC incorporation [33][34][35]. Moreover, BC application boosted photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transcription rate under salinity stress conditions in wheat [32], sorghum [35], quinoa [31], and eggplant [33]. On the other hand, the availability and uptake of different nutrients such as N, P, K in maize [36] and P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in tomato [37] improved by the utilization of BC as amendment to saline soil.
Furthermore, in saline conditions, BC traps excess Na+ in soil, releasing mineral nutrients and decreasing osmotic stress [34]. Studies showed that the use of BC lowered the concentration of Na+ and decreased the Na+/K+ ratio in a variety of plants, assisting in the reduction of the negative effects of salt on plants [32][38]. Moreover, under salinity stress, BC application improves osmotic balance by increasing water holding capacity and CO2 assimilation, which ultimately results in a better photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transcription rate [31][33][34]. It has been reported that the leaf photosynthesis and net assimilation rate of the rice population was greatly aided by biochar’s potential positive effects on chlorophyll content, leaf N content, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates [39][40]. Additionally, the biochar treatment greatly enhanced the salt tolerance of cabbage seedlings and dramatically raised LRWC, Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl while reducing sucrose, proline, H2O2, and MDA [41]. In addition, BC application reduced the effects of salt by lowering the levels of phytohormones such ABA, ACC, and JA, as well as increasing the amount of IAA in beans [42]. Similarly, Nikpour-Rashidabad et al. [43] reported that BC improved the vascular cylinder, parenchyma, IAA/ABA and IAA/ACC ratios to ameliorate the effects of salinity. Furthermore, under salt stress, the treatment with BC enhanced nodulation, nitrogen content, rubisco activity, GDH, GS, GOGAT, and NR activities in various parts of the soybean plant [44]. Given the findings of the preceding investigations, BC appears to be a promising strategy for reducing salt stress and increasing plant growth and biomass in a variety of plants.

3. Bio-Fertilizer

BFs are one kind of fertilizer that contains living cells from various microorganisms and can transform via biological mechanisms; nutrients are converted from the inaccessible to the accessible form [45][46]. Recently, many studies have described the potential of BF in salt tolerance enhancement. The application of BF in wheat seedlings lessened the negative effects of salinity by increasing chlorophyll content and decreasing proline content, and improved plant growth and yield [47][48]. Under salt stress, amaranth enhanced plant height and biomass production [49]. It has also been reported that the application of BF to lavender enhanced its capacity to withstand salt stress by increasing morphological attributes and RWC, Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl content as well as its essential oil output [50]. Similarly, BF application on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and olive plants (Olea europaea L.) enhanced growth and yield metrics, micro and macronutrient content, and relieved salinity-related detrimental effects [47][48][51][52][53][54][55]. Souza et al. [53] showed that in yellow passion fruit, BF application reduced the salt stress and enhanced the absolute growth rate, side branches, and yield. In addition, BF application to olive and papaya plants increased growth and plant biomass, improved osmotic adjustments between root and soil, increased microbial activity in the rhizosphere zone, and reduced the toxic effects of salts [55][56].
BF application increased antioxidant activity through the up-regulating of POX, SOD, and CAT, and reduced MDA and H2O2 production in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) [54][57][58]. Al-Taey and Majid [57] found that the functions of POD, CAT, SOD, and MDA were increased as a result of the increased salinity stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). It has been reported that BF ameliorates the effects of salt stress via the production of phytohormones (IAA, CK, and ABA) and secondary metabolites (proline) in plants [58][59][60].
Overall, the discussion concluded that BFs increased plant growth and production while also inducing salt tolerance by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, secondary metabolite accumulation and phytohormone synthesis.

4. PGPR

Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are microorganisms that colonize plant roots and are used as chemical alternatives in agricultural fields for crop production and protection [61][62]. PGPR, which are resistant to salinity, help the plants to endure salty conditions. These plant-associated rhizobacteria can synthesize a variety of substances, including extracellular polymeric substance, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, phytohormones, antioxidants and volatile chemical compounds [61][63]. Gao et al. [64] reported that rhizosphere bacteria reduce salt stress while promoting plant development by supplying nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, auxin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid to plants. During several field tests, crops grown under saline soil conditions responded favorably to the utilization of PGPR in terms of growth and yield. Kumawat et al. [65] in his study revealed that PGPR increased seed germination, height of the plant, biomass, and chlorophyll contents under salt stress that ameliorate the negative effects of soil salinity. Water potential and stomatal opening is a crucial plant physiological activity for their survival which even salinity-stressed condition were found to be modified by PGPR to compensate salt stress [66][67]. For example, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus pumilus, and Exiguobacterium aurantiacum were found to greatly alleviate the toxic effect of salt stress in Triticum aestivum plants [67][68]. Moreover, Ali et al. [69] reported that under salt stress circumstances, Enterobacter cloacae PM23 boosted maize growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, carotenoids, and relative water content compared to control treatment. Similar effects were observed when co-inoculation of Rhizobium sp. and Enterococcus mundtii in Vigna radiata were carried out and obtained the grain production was improved under saline stress by regulating ion homeostasis [65]. Additionally, when infected with B. megaterium, Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis thaliana both grew roots, shoots, and more leaves under salt stress [70][71]. Furthermore, S. marcescens inoculation enhanced Triticum aestivum shoot length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll (Chl) content [72]. Under saline stress conditions, the Enterobacter cloacae in Brassica napus enhanced seedling development [73]. Inoculating Triticum aestivum with Pseudomonas fluorescens led to similar outcomes, as did inoculating Oryza sativa with Alcaligenes faecalis, B. pumilus, and Ochrobactrum sp. [74]. In addition, the application of some PGPR has been shown to improve nodule formation and fix nitrogen in plants under salt stress [75]. For example, Rhizobium sp. and Bradyrhizobium japonicum’s co-inoculation improved root nodule formation in Glycine max compared to control conditions, resulting in increased stress tolerance, plant growth, and higher yield [75]. Likewise, Bacillus aryabhattai and Azotobacter vinelandii inoculation enhanced root nodule numbers and N-contents in Trifolium repens compared with the non-inoculated plants [76]. However, PGPR not only increased nodule numbers but also increased plant dry weight, shoot dry weight, the extent of nitrogen yield and protein content in some applications [77].
Many studies described that PGPR can alleviate the salt-induced growth inhibition of plants by positively regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant enzyme activity, improving photosynthetic attributes, secondary metabolite accumulation, and oxidative stress reduction. For instance, the use of PGPR reduced the negative effects of salinity in pea (Pisum sativum) by enhancing the plants’ proline and soluble sugar contents while lowering sodium (Na+) contents, which in turn reduced the amount of electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content [78][79]. In addition, the harmful effects of salinity are reduced by PGPR via declining lipid peroxidation and ROS in wheat plants [80]. Singh et al. [70] and Kumawat et al. [65] reported that PGPR alters the selectivity of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ under salt stress and thus maintains ionic balance due to ion homeostasis. Moreover, inoculating Pseudomonas sp. or Glutamicibacter sp. with the halophte Suaeda fruticosa led to noticeably greater shoot dry weight and decreased buildup of Na+ and Cl− in shoots of salt-treated plants [81]. Similarly, the Piriformospora indica inoculation in Zea mays decreased K+ flow from roots while increasing K+ concentration in shoots under saline condition; this effect may be linked to a high-affinity K+ transporter where PGPR produced a proton-driven force through H+-ATPase [82]. Moreover, Azotobacter isolates under salinity stress had greater K+/Na+ proportions in shoots and decreased Na+ and Cl− amounts in maize leaves [83]. Additionally, some PGPR lowered Cl2 and NO2 concentrations and increased the K+/Na+ ratio, which contributed to enhanced stomatal conductance, and maintained hormonal balance and photosynthesis under salt stress [61][84]. It has also been reported that PGPR incorporation enhances the synthesis of the phytohormone that improves salt stress tolerance [61]. Such as, Some PGPR i.e., Thalassobacillus denorans, Oceanobacillus kapialis, Pseudomonas strains, Bacillus tequilensis and Bacillus aryabhattai synthesized more auxin and ABA, accumulated osmolytes in cell cytoplasm that sustain their cell turgor to make ensure plant growth under osmotic stress in Oryza sativa to endure high saline conditions [85]. In addition to the mechanisms mentioned above, in order to survive under salt stress, PGPR may alter salt tolerant gene expressions. The expression of TaABARE, TaOPR1, TaMYB, TaWRKY, TaST, SOS1, SOS4, TaNHX1, TaHAK, and TaHKT1 genes were up-regulated in PGPR inoculated plants leading to the expression of stress related genes [86][87]. According to the findings, salinity tolerance genes ZmNHX1, ZmNHX2, ZmN HX3, ZmWRKY58, and ZmDREB2A were up-regulated, as well as the antioxidants ZmGR1 (Zea mays glutathione reductase) and ZmAPX1’s (Zea mays ascorbate peroxidase) transcript levels [88][89]. Moreover, salinity tolerance was increased when PGPR enhanced antioxidant enzymes’ gene expression such as CAT, POD, APX, MnSOD, GR and GPX in inoculated plants [86]. Furthermore, according to Ali et al. [69], the inoculation of maize with Enterobacter cloacae PM23 increased APX, SOD, POD, total soluble sugars, and proteins while decreasing flavonoids and phenolic contents under salt stress. Additionally, in Suaeda fruticosa under high salinity, Glutamicibacter sp. inoculation dramatically decreased MDA levels while enhancing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and GR. Habib et al. [90] reported that salinity circumstances in the okra plant led to greater synthesis of APX and CAT by B. megaterium and Enterobacter sp. It has also been found that the treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with Enterobacter sp. increased APX function and boosted salt tolerance [91]. Thus, from the reports of the studies it is apparent that the exogenous application PGPR could bring positive growth and yield results within the plants under saline condition and can be considered as a promising modern agronomic tactic to develop the plants survival under a saline environment. In future, dealing with extensive molecular research may reveal the efficacy of PGPR isolates and mechanisms to improve its stress responsive capability within the short duration in a wide area for sustainable agricultural production.

References

  1. Kiyasudeen, K.; Ibrahim, M.H.; Quaik, S.; Ismail, S.A. Vermicompost, its applications and derivatives. In Prospects of Organic Waste Management and the Significance of Earthworms; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 201–230.
  2. Arancon, N.Q.; Lee, S.; Edwards, C.A.; Atiyeh, R. Effects of humic acids derived from cattle, food and paper-waste vermicomposts on growth of greenhouse plants: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002. Pedobiologia 2003, 47, 741–744.
  3. Bidabadi, S.S.; Dehghanipoodeh, S.; Wright, G.C. Vermicompost leachate reduces some negative effects of salt stress in pomegranate. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agric. 2017, 6, 255–263.
  4. Koozehgar, K.M.; Ardakani, M.R. Effects of vermicomposting and compost tea on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium yield and uptake of Mentha aquatic L. inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus moseae. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 2017, 11, 10–19.
  5. Pengkam, C.; Iwai, C.B.; Kume, T. Effects of Vermicompost and Rice Husk Ash on the Change of Soil Chemical Properties and the Growth of Rice in Salt Affected Area. Int. J. Environ. Rural. Dev. 2019, 10, 129–132.
  6. Demir, Z.; Tursun, N.; Işık, D. Role of different cover crops on DTPA-extractable micronutrients in an apricot orchard. Turk. J. Agric. Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 7, 698–706.
  7. Ansari, A.A.; Ismail, S.A. Role of earthworms in vermitechnology. J. Agric. Technol. 2012, 8, 403–415.
  8. Khan, M.H.; Meghvansi, M.K.; Gupta, R.; Veer, V.; Singh, L.; Kalita, M.C. Foliar spray with vermiwash modifies the arbuscular mycorrhizal dependency and nutrient stoichiometry of Bhut jolokia (Capsicum assamicum). PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e92318.
  9. Nath, G.; Singh, K. Effect of vermiwash of different vermicomposts on the kharif crops. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 2012, 13, 379–402. Available online: https://hrcak.srce.hr/83274 (accessed on 10 September 2022).
  10. Beykkhormizi, A.; Abrishamchi, P.; Ganjeali, A.; Parsa, M. Effect of vermicompost on some morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under salinity stress. J. Plant Nutr. 2016, 39, 883–893.
  11. Chinsamy, M.; Kulkarni, M.G.; Van Staden, J. Garden-waste-vermicompost leachate alleviates salinity stress in tomato seedlings by mobilizing salt tolerance mechanisms. Plant Growth Regul. 2013, 71, 41–47.
  12. Benazzouk, S.; Djazouli, Z.E.; Lutts, S. Vermicompost leachate as a promising agent for priming and rejuvenation of salt-treated germinating seeds in Brassica napus. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2019, 50, 1344–1357.
  13. Ahmadi, N.; Akbari, E. The preventive impact of vermicompost on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) salinity resistance: An evaluation. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2021, 17, 46–56.
  14. Ebrahimi, M.H.; Taghvaei, M.; Sadeghi, H.; Zarei, M. Effect of organic coats with superabsorbent polymers on improving the germination and early vigor Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds under salinity stress. Desert 2019, 24, 207–215.
  15. Muhie, S.H.; Yildirim, E.; Memis, N.; Demir, I. Vermicompost priming stimulated germination and seedling emergence of onion seeds against abiotic stresses. Seed Sci. Technol. 2020, 48, 153–157.
  16. Demir, Z. Alleviation of adverse effects of sodium on soil physicochemical properties by application of vermicompost. Compost Sci. Util. 2020, 28, 100–116.
  17. Barahouee, M.; Sabbagh, E. Influence of vermicompost and salt stress on some characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.). Int. J. Agric. Biosci. 2017, 6, 60–63.
  18. Banadkooki, A.M.; Ardakani, M.D.; Shirmardi, M.; Momenpour, A. Effects of cow manure and vermicompost on growth characteristics of smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) under salt stress under greenhouse. Iranian J. Poplar Res. 2019, 26, 483–495.
  19. Gohari, G.; Mohammadi, A.; Duathi, K.H. Effect of vermicompost on some growth and biochemical characteristic of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under water salinity stress. J. Agric. Sci Sustain. Prod. 2019, 29, 151–168.
  20. Song, X.; Li, H.; Song, J.; Chen, W.; Shi, L. Biochar/vermicompost promotes Hybrid Pennisetum plant growth and soil enzyme activity in saline soils. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2022, 183, 96–110.
  21. Alamer, K.H.; Perveen, S.; Khaliq, A.; Zia Ul Haq, M.; Ibrahim, M.U.; Ijaz, B. Mitigation of salinity stress in maize seedlings by the application of vermicompost and sorghum water extracts. Plants 2022, 11, 2548.
  22. Bziouech, S.A.; Dhen, N.; Helaoui, S.; Ammar, I.B.; Dridi, B.A.M. Effect of vermicompost soil additive on growth performance, physiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Firenze) to salt stress. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2022, 34, 316–328.
  23. Pérez-Gómez, J.D.; Abud-Archila, M.; Villalobos-Maldonado, J.J.; Enciso-Saenz, S.; Hernández de, L.H.; Ruiz-Valdiviezo, V.M.; Gutiérrez-Miceli, F.A. Vermicompost and vermiwash minimized the influence of salinity stress on growth parameters in potato plants. Compost Sci. Util. 2017, 25, 282–287.
  24. Liu, M.; Wang, C.; Wang, F.; Xie, Y. Maize (Zea mays) growth and nutrient uptake following integrated improvement of vermicompost and humic acid fertilizer on coastal saline soil. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2019, 142, 147–154.
  25. Oo, A.N.; Iwai, C.B.; Saenjan, P. Soil properties and maize growth in saline and nonsaline soils using cassava-industrial waste compost and vermicompost with or without earthworms. Land Degrad. Dev. 2015, 26, 300–310.
  26. Jabeen, N.; Ahmad, R. Growth response and nitrogen metabolism of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to vermicompost and biogas slurry under salinity stress. J. Plant Nutr. 2017, 40, 104–114.
  27. Demir, Z.; Kiran, S. Effect of vermicompost on macro and micro nutrients of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Crispa) under salt stress conditions. Kahramanmaraş. Sütçü. İmam. Üniversitesi. Tarım. Doğa. Dergisi. 2020, 23, 33–43.
  28. Adamipour, N.; Heiderianpour, M.B.; Zarei, M. Application of vermicompost for reducing the destructive effects of salinity stress on tall fescue turfgrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Queen’). J. Soil Plant Interact. Isfahan Uni. Technol. 2016, 7, 35–47.
  29. Kiran, S. Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) by application of vermicompost. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 2019, 5, 153–160.
  30. Hafez, E.M.; Omara, A.E.; Alhumaydhi, F.A.; El-Esawi, M.A. Minimizing hazard impacts of soil salinity and water stress on wheat plants by soil application of vermicompost and biochar. Physiol. Plant 2020, 172, 587–602.
  31. Yang, A.; Akhtar, S.S.; Li, L.; Fu, Q.; Li, Q.; Naeem, M.A.; He, X.; Zhang, Z.; Jacobsen, S.E. Biochar mitigates combined effects of drought and salinity stress in quinoa. J. Agron. 2020, 10, 912.
  32. Huang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Zhai, Y.; Lu, P.; Zhu, C. Effect of straw biochar on soil properties and wheat production under saline water irrigation. Agronomy 2019, 9, 457.
  33. Parkash, V.; Singh, S. Potential of biochar application to mitigate salinity stress in eggplant. Hortc. Sci. 2020, 55, 1946–1955.
  34. Ibrahim, M.E.H.; Ali, A.Y.A.; Elsiddig, A.M.I.; Zhou, G.; Nimir, N.E.A.; Agbna, G.H.; Zhu, G. Mitigation effect of biochar on sorghum seedling growth under salinity stress. Pak. J. Bot. 2021, 53, 387–392.
  35. Ibrahim, M.E.H.; Ali, A.Y.A.; Zhou, G.; Elsiddig, A.M.I.; Zhu, G.; Nimir, N.E.A.; Ahmad, I. Biochar application affects forage sorghum under salinity stress. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2020, 80, 317–325.
  36. Lashari, M.S.; Ye, Y.; Ji, H.; Li, L.; Kibue, G.W.; Lu, H.; Zheng, J.; Pan, G. Biochar–manure compost in conjunction with pyroligneous solution alleviated salt stress and improved leaf bioactivity of maize in a saline soil from central China: A 2-year field experiment. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015, 95, 1321–1327.
  37. Usman, A.R.; Al-Wabel, M.I.; Abdulaziz, A.H.; Mahmoud, W.A.; EL-Naggar, A.H.; Ahmad, M.; Abdulelah, A.F.; Abdulrasoul, A.O. Conocarpus biochar induces changes in soil nutrient availability and tomato growth under saline irrigation. Pedosphere 2016, 26, 27–38.
  38. Ali, S.; Rizwan, M.; Qayyum, M.F.; Ok, Y.S.; Ibrahim, M.; Riaz, M.; Arif, M.S.; Hafeez, F.; Al-Wabel, M.I.; Shahzad, A.N. Biochar soil amendment on alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: A critical review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 12700–12712.
  39. Jin, F.; Piao, J.; Che, W.; Li, X.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Q.; Hua, S. Peanut shell biochar increases rice yield in highly saline-alkali paddy fields by regulating of leaf ionic concentration and improving leaf photosynthesis rate. Plant Soil 2022, preprint.
  40. Huang, J.; Zhu, C.; Kong, Y.; Cao, X.; Zhu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Ning, Y.; Tian, W.; Zhang, H.; Yu, Y.; et al. Biochar Application Alleviated Rice Salt Stress via Modifying Soil Properties and Regulating Soil Bacterial Abundance and Community Structure. Agronomy 2022, 12, 409.
  41. Ekinci, M.; Turan, M.; Yildirim, E. Biochar mitigates salt stress by regulating nutrient uptake and antioxidant activity, alleviating the oxidative stress and abscisic acid content in cabbage seedlings. Turk. J. Agric. For. 2022, 46, 28–37.
  42. Farhangi-Abriz, S.; Torabian, S. Biochar increased plant growth-promoting hormones and helped to alleviates salt stress in common bean seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2018, 37, 591–601.
  43. Nikpour-Rashidabad, N.; Tavasolee, A.; Torabian, S.; Farhangi-Abriz, S. The effect of biochar on the physiological, morphological and anatomical characteristics of mung bean roots after exposure to salt stress. Arch. Biol. Sci. 2019, 71, 321–327.
  44. Farhangi-Abriz, S.; Torabian, S. Biochar improved nodulation and nitrogen metabolism of soybean under salt stress. Symbiosis 2018, 74, 215–223.
  45. Hegde, D.M.; Dwivedi, B.S.; Sudhakara Babu, S.N. Biofertilizers for cereal production in India: A review. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 1999, 69, 73–83.
  46. Vessey, J.K. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil. 2003, 255, 571–586.
  47. Khalilzadeh, R.; Seyed, S.R.; Jalilian, J. Growth, physiological status, and yield of salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants affected by biofertilizer and cycocel applications. Arid. Land Res. Manag. 2017, 32, 71–90.
  48. Mahmoud, A.A.; Mohamed, H.F. Impact of biofertilizers application on improving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resistance to salinity. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 2008, 4, 520–528.
  49. Riesty, O.S.; Siswanti, D.U. Effect of biofertilizer on growth and metaxylem diameter of Amaranthus tricolor L. in salinity stress condition. Biogenes. J. Ilm. Biol. 2021, 9, 178–188.
  50. Khatami, S.A.; Kasraie, P.; Oveysi, M.; Moghadam, H.R.T.; Ghooshchi, F. Mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress on lavender using biodynamic preparations and bio-fertilizers. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 183, 114985.
  51. Mahdy, A.M.; Nieven, O.F. Interactive effects between biofertilizer and antioxidant on salinity mitigation and nutrition and yield of okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). J. Soil Sci. Agric. Eng. 2012, 3, 189–205.
  52. Mahdy, A.M.; Fathi, N.O.; Kandil, M.M.; Elnamas, A.E. Synergistic effects of biofertilizers and antioxidants on growth and nutrients content of corn under salinity and water-deficit stresses. Alex. Sci. Exch. J. 2012, 33, 292–304.
  53. Souza, J.T.; Cavalcante, L.F.; Nunes, J.C.; Bezerra, F.T.; da Silva, N.J.A.; Silva, A.R.; Oresca, D.; Cavalcante, A.G. Effect of saline water, bovine biofertilizer and potassium on yellow passion fruit growth after planting and on soil salinity. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2016, 11, 2994–3003.
  54. AlAbdallah, N.M.; Basalah, M.O.; Roushdy, S.S. The promotive effect of algal biofertilizers on growth and some metabolic activities of (Vigna unguiculata L.) under salt stress conditions. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. 2017, 13, 187–195.
  55. El-Shazly, M.; Ghieth, W.M. Effect of some biofertilizers and humic acid application on olive seedlings growth under irrigation with saline water. Alex. Sci. Exch. J. 2019, 40, 263–279.
  56. de Lima-Neto, A.J.; Cavalcante, L.F.; Mesquita, F.D.; Souto, A.G.; dos Santos, G.P.; dos Santos, J.Z.; de Mesquita, E.F. Papaya seedlings irrigation with saline water in soil with bovine fertilizer. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2015, 76, 236–242.
  57. Al-Taey, D.K.; Majid, Z.Z. Study effect of kinetin, bio-fertilizers and organic matter application in lettuce under salt stress. J. Glob. Pharma. Technol. 2018, 10, 148–164.
  58. Yasmin, H.; Mazher, J.; Azmat, A.; Nosheen, A.; Naz, R.; Hassan, M.N.; Noureldeen, A.; Parvaiz, A.P. Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2021, 218, 112262.
  59. Albdaiwi, R.N.; Khyami-Horani, H.; Ayad, J.Y. Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria: An emerging method for the enhancement of wheat tolerance against salinity stress. Jordan J. Biol. Sci. 2019, 12, 525–534.
  60. Goswami, M.; Deka, S. Isolation of a novel rhizobacteria having multiple plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity against certain phytopathogens. Microbiol. Res. 2020, 240, 126516.
  61. Hoque, M.N.; Hannan, A.; Imran, S.; Paul, N.C.; Mondal, M.; Sadhin, M.; Rahman, M.; Bristi, J.M.; Dola, F.S.; Hanif, M.; et al. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria-Mediated Adaptive Responses of Plants Under Salinity Stress. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2022, 28, 1–20.
  62. Prasad, M.; Srinivasan, R.; Chaudhary, M.; Choudhary, M.; Jat, L.K. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable agriculture: Perspectives and challenges. In PGPR Amelioration in Sustainable Agriculture; Woodhead Publishing: Sawston, UK, 2019; pp. 129–157.
  63. Kumar, A.; Singh, S.; Gaurav, A.K.; Srivastava, S.; Verma, J.P. Plant growth-promoting bacteria: Biological tools for the mitigation of salinity stress in plants. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 1216.
  64. Gao, Y.; Zou, H.; Wang, B.; Yuan, F. Progress and applications of plant growth-promoting bacteria in salt tolerance of crops. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7036.
  65. Kumawat, K.C.; Sharma, P.; Nagpal, S.; Gupta, R.K.; Sirari, A.; Nair, R.M.; Bindumadhava, H.; Singh, S. Dual microbial inoculation, a game changer?—Bacterial biostimulants with multifunctional growth promoting traits to mitigate salinity stress in Spring Mungbean. Front. Microbiol. 2021, 11, 3491.
  66. Simonin, K.A.; Burns, E.; Choat, B.; Barbour, M.M.; Dawson, T.E.; Franks, P.J. Increasing leaf hydraulic conductance with transpiration rate minimizes the water potential drawdown from stem to leaf. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, 66, 1303–1315.
  67. Nawaz, A.; Shahbaz, M.; Imran, A.; Marghoob, M.U.; Imtiaz, M.; Mubeen, F. Potential of salt tolerant PGPR in growth and yield augmentation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline conditions. Front. Microbiol. 2020, 11, 2019.
  68. Singh, R.P.; Jha, P.; Jha, P.N. Bio-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Enterobacter cloacae ZNP-3 increased resistance against salt and temperature stresses in wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Plant Growth Regul. 2017, 36, 783–798.
  69. Ali, B.; Wang, X.; Saleem, M.H.; Sumaira; Hafeez, A.; Afridi, M.S.; Khan, S.; Zaib-Un-Nisa; Ullah, I.; AmaralJúnior, A.T.D.; et al. PGPR-Mediated salt tolerance in maize by modulating plant physiology, antioxidant defense, compatible solutes accumulation and bio-surfactant producing genes. Plants 2022, 11, 345.
  70. Chinnaswamy, A.; Coba de la Peña, T.; Stoll, A.; de la Peña Rojo, D.; Bravo, J.; Rincón, A.; Lucas, M.M.; Pueyo, J.J. A nodule endophytic Bacillus megaterium strain isolated from Medicago polymorpha enhances growth, promotes nodulation by Ensifer medicae and alleviates salt stress in alfalfa plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2018, 172, 295–308.
  71. Nascimento, F.X.; Hernández, A.G.; Glick, B.R.; Rossi, M.J. Plant growth-promoting activities and genomic analysis of the stress-resistant Bacillus megaterium STB1, a bacterium of agricultural and biotechnological interest. Biotechnol. Rep. 2020, 25, e00406.
  72. Singh, R.P.; Jha, P.N. The multifarious PGPR Serratia marcescens CDP-13 augments induced systemic resistance and enhanced salinity tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0155026.
  73. Li, H.; Lei, P.; Pang, X.; Li, S.; Xu, H.; Xu, Z.; Feng, X. Enhanced tolerance to salt stress in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings inoculated with the halotolerant Enterobacter cloacae HSNJ4. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2017, 119, 26–34.
  74. Bal, H.B.; Nayak, L.; Das, S.; Adhya, T.K. Isolation of ACC deaminase producing PGPR from rice rhizosphere and evaluating their plant growth promoting activity under salt stress. Plant Soil 2013, 366, 93–105.
  75. Ilangumaran, G.; Schwinghamer, T.D.; Smith, D.L. Rhizobacteria from root nodules of an indigenous legume enhance salinity stress tolerance in soybean. Front. Sustain. Food. Syst. 2021, 4, 617978.
  76. Matse, D.T.; Huang, C.H.; Huang, Y.M.; Yen, M.Y. Effects of coinoculation of Rhizobium with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on the nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake of Trifolium repens in low phosphorus soil. J. Plant Nutr. 2020, 43, 739–752.
  77. Omara, A.E.; Hauka, F.; Afify, A.; Nour, E.M.; Kassem, M. The role of some PGPR strains to biocontrol Rhizoctonia solani in soybean and enhancement the growth dynamics and seed yield. Env. Biodivers. Soil Secur. 2017, 1, 47–59.
  78. Upadhyay, S.K.; Singh, J.S.; Saxena, A.K.; Singh, D.P. Impact of PGPR inoculation on growth and antioxidant status of wheat under saline conditions. Plant Biol. 2012, 14, 605–611.
  79. Sapre, S.; Gontia-Mishra, I.; Tiwari, S. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ameliorates salinity stress in pea (Pisum sativum). J. Plant Growth Regul. 2022, 41, 647–656.
  80. Jha, Y.; Subramanian, R.B. PGPR regulate caspase-like activity, programmed cell death, and antioxidant enzyme activity in paddy under salinity. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2014, 20, 201–207.
  81. Hidri, R.; Mahmoud, O.M.-B.; Zorrig, W.; Mahmoudi, H.; Smaoui, A.; Abdelly, C.; Azcon, R.; Debez, A. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria alleviate high salinity impact on the halophyte Suaeda fruticosa by modulating antioxidant defense and soil biological activity. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 821475.
  82. Yun, P.; Xu, L.; Wang, S.S.; Shabala, L.; Shabala, S.; Zhang, W.Y. Piriformospora indica improves salinity stress tolerance in Zea mays L. plants by regulating Na+ and K+ loading in root and allocating K+ in shoot. Plant Growth Regul. 2018, 86, 323–331.
  83. Rojas-Tapias, D.; Moreno-Galván, A.; Pardo-Díaz, S.; Obando, M.; Rivera, D.; Bonilla, R. Effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on amelioration of saline stress in maize (Zea mays). Appl. Soil Ecol. 2012, 61, 264–272.
  84. del Amor, F.M.; Cuadra-Crespo, P. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as a tool to improve salinity tolerance in sweet pepper. Funct. Plant Biol. 2011, 39, 82–90.
  85. Shahzad, R.; Khan, A.L.; Bilal, S.; Waqas, M.; Kang, S.M.; Lee, I.J. Inoculation of abscisic acid-producing endophytic bacteria enhances salinity stress tolerance in Oryza sativa. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2017, 136, 68–77.
  86. Bharti, N.; Pandey, S.S.; Barnawal, D.; Patel, V.K.; Kalra, A. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Dietzia natronolimnaea modulates the expression of stress responsive genes providing protection of wheat from salinity stress. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 34768.
  87. Kabiraj, A.; Majhi, K.; Halder, U.; Let, M.; Bandopadhyay, R. Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for crop stress management. In Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 367–389.
  88. Li, H.; Qiu, Y.; Yao, T.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, H.; Yang, X. Effects of PGPR microbial inoculants on the growth and soil properties of Avena sativa, Medicago sativa, and Cucumis sativus seedlings. Soil Tillage Res. 2020, 199, 104577.
  89. Li, X.; Sun, P.; Zhang, Y.; Jin, C.; Guan, C. A novel PGPR strain Kocuria rhizophila Y1 enhances salt stress tolerance in maize by regulating phytohormone levels, nutrient acquisition, redox potential, ion homeostasis, photosynthetic capacity and stress-responsive genes expression. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2020, 174, 104023.
  90. Habib, S.H.; Kausar, H.; Saud, H.M. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance salinity stress tolerance in okra through ROS-scavenging enzymes. Biomed Res. Int. 2016, 2016, 6284547.
  91. Kim, K.; Jang, Y.J.; Lee, S.M.; Oh, B.T.; Chae, J.C.; Lee, K.J. Alleviation of salt stress by Enterobacter sp. EJ01 in tomato and Arabidopsis is accompanied by up-regulation of conserved salinity responsive factors in plants. Mol. Cells 2014, 37, 109.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Md. Najmol Hoque
,
Shahin Imran
,
Afsana Hannan
,
Newton Chandra Paul
,
Md. Asif Mahamud
,
Jotirmoy Chakrobortty
,
Prosenjit Sarker
,
Israt Jahan Irin
,
Marian Brestic
,
Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
View Times: 687
Entry Collection: Organic Synthesis
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 03 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback