Summary

Organic synthesis is the tool for the preparation of small molecules with interesting biological and medicinal properties—new compounds with activity against diseases affecting humankind today such as cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders or infectious diseases, as well as new syntheses of known drugs. New bioactive compounds are designed and synthesized to target key metabolic reactions in pathological processes as the first steps toward drug discovery. The crosstalk between synthetic and medicinal chemists enable a high impact of new synthetic methodologies in drug discovery. The aim is to highlight the role that organic synthesis plays in developing methods that may be exploited for finding lead compounds and drugs by the pharmaceutical industry.

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Topic Review
Aryl Coupling Reactions
Aryl coupling reactions are bond-forming transformations in which an aryl fragment is joined to another molecular fragment, most commonly another aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyl, or heteroatom-bearing partner. The term includes metal-mediated and metal-catalysed processes that couple an aryl electrophile, such as an aryl halide or pseudohalide, with an organometallic or other nucleophilic partner. Their defining feature is construction of a new bond at the aromatic carbon while retaining the aryl framework. Aryl–aryl coupling is the subclass that directly joins two aryl groups [1]. Aryl iodides are especially recognised electrophilic substrates for coupling because the carbon–iodine bond can participate in catalytic activation steps [2].
  • 3
  • 29 Oct 2026
Topic Review
Alkylation Chemistry
Alkylation chemistry comprises reactions that form a bond between an alkyl fragment and a nucleophilic atom or carbon centre. In its classical organic-chemical sense, an electron-rich substrate displaces a leaving group from, or otherwise reacts with, an alkylating agent; the outcome is governed by the structures and electronic properties of both partners and by the reaction mechanism. The term therefore encompasses carbon alkylation as well as N-, O-, S-, and related heteroatom alkylations. Alkylation is distinguished from arylation by transfer of an alkyl, rather than an aryl, group, and its mechanistic description commonly involves polar substitution or addition pathways [1]. O-Alkylation is a defined subclass in which an oxygen nucleophile becomes bonded to the transferred alkyl group [2].
  • 4
  • 29 Oct 2026
Topic Review
Energy Price Cap
This article provides a concise analysis of Ofgem’s proposed reforms to the UK energy price cap and their impact on households, small businesses, and local authorities. It explains how the current price cap works, outlines key reform proposals such as time-of-use pricing and regional cost variation, and assesses who will face higher or lower bills. The piece also highlights equity concerns, regional disparities, and the need for support measures to protect vulnerable consumers as the UK transitions toward a decarbonised energy system.
  • 39
  • 17 Nov 2025
Topic Review
2023 Global Laundry Detergents Market
The global laundry detergents market size reached a value of USD 70.79 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.1% from 2024 to 2032, reaching USD 101.35 billion by 2032. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Ivacaftor (VX-770)
Ivacaftor possesses a molecular structure characterized by the presence of an N-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide moiety. The quinolone scaffold within its composition is a crucial pharmacophore, significantly influencing drug discovery. This scaffold holds prominence as one of the primary classes of nitrogen-containing heterocycles found in various biologically active compounds and blockbuster drugs, as highlighted in the literature. The amide group serves as a crucial link between the “privileged building block” and the di-tert-butylphenol in ivacaftor’s structure. This linkage is of considerable importance in medicinal chemistry due to its multifaceted role.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Industrial Applications of Microfluidic Systems
With the proliferation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the syntheses of microfluidic devices or microdroplets have become increasingly important as tools for chemical analysis and synthesis. Microfluidic devices (microreactors, microchemical chips, etc.) that integrate the functions of chemical synthesis, analysis equipment, and chemical plants in a compact form are being investigated.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from WPCBs
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), constituting approximately 10% of all electronic waste (e-waste), are particularly intriguing due to their high content of valuable metals and rare earth elements.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Flavonoids as Visible Light Photoinitiators
The design of biosourced and/or bioinspired photoinitiators is an active research field as it offers a unique opportunity to develop photoinitiating systems exhibiting better biocompatibility as well as reduced toxicity. In this field, flavonoids can be found in numerous fruits and vegetables so these structures can be of interest for developing, in the future, polymerization processes, offering a reduced environmental impact but also better biocompatibility of the polymers.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Preparation of Quinoxalines
Quinoxaline is a fused heterocycle system of a benzene ring and pyrazine ring. It has earned considerable attention due to its importance in the field of medicinal chemistry. The system is of extensive importance due to its comprehensive array of biological activities. Quinoxaline derivatives have been used as anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-TB, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-HIV, and many other uses. Variously substituted quinoxalines are significant therapeutic agents in the pharmaceutical industry.
  • 9.2K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Hybridization of Alkaloids Using 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Click Chemistry
Alkaloids found in multiple species, known as ‘driver species’, are more likely to be included in early-stage drug development due to their high biodiversity compared to rare alkaloids. Many synthetic approaches have been employed to hybridize the natural alkaloids in drug development. Click chemistry is a highly efficient and versatile reaction targeting specific areas, making it a valuable tool for creating complex natural products and diverse molecular structures. It has been used to create hybrid alkaloids that address their limitations and serve as potential drugs that mimic natural products.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Nov 2023
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