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Topic Review
ER+, Node-Positive Breast Cancer
The majority of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+). In ER+ cancers, oestrogen acts as a disease driver, so these tumours are likely to be susceptible to endocrine therapy (ET). ET works by blocking the hormone’s synthesis or effect. A significant number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer will have the spread of tumour cells into regional lymph nodes either at the time of diagnosis, or as a recurrence some years later. Patients with node-positive disease have a poorer prognosis and can respond less well to ET. The nodal metastases may be genomically similar or, as is becoming more evident, may differ from the primary tumour. However, nodal metastatic disease is often not assessed, and treatment decisions are almost always based on biomarkers evaluated in the primary tumour. 
  • 610
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effect of Clobenpropit
Neuroinflammation is defined as one of the key contributors involved in several CNS-related disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. According to experimental evidence, the inflammatory process in the neuron has been shown to cause cell death and neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s (PD), Alzheimer’s (AD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • 608
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Policies Addressing Non-Communicable and Chronic Diseases in China
Non-communicable and chronic diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem that seriously threatens the population’s health, especially in rapidly industrialized countries. Given the complexity of managing NCDs, there is growing evidence that interventions embedding or incorporating health promotion strategies can help reduce the disease burden of NCDs. 
  • 608
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle Activation in Cancer Treatment
Activation, or release of a compound, at a tumour site can mitigate the side effects often experienced during cancer treatment by localizing the treatment. In addition, localized action can also permit the use of larger effective doses at the tumour site which would not be tolerated if administered systemically. However, controlling the release of a compound, or the activity of a molecule or nanoparticle, requires the design of smart systems. Such systems can be controlled either by differences between cancerous and normal cells, or by activation from a source outside of the cell.
  • 606
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sources and Biological Activity of Cell-Free DNA
The term cell-free DNA (cfDNA) encompasses all kinds of extracellular DNA molecules found in serum or plasma and other body fluids, and includes genomic DNA (gDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as DNA of bacterial or viral origin. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), freely circulating in the bloodstream, urine, and other fluids (or encapsulated in vesicles) may be derived from both normal and diseased cells. cfDNA is extremely dynamic and responsive, providing sensitive indicators of changes that are not detectable by standard clinical tests. It can be used as a reliable, safe, and objective tool to reflect disease progression and supplement clinical data in a particular patient, and thus, represents a new path in personalized medicine.
  • 602
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Dysbiosis and Neurological Conditions
The prevalence of neurological conditions which manifest with chronic pain is increasing globally, where the World Health Organisation has now classified chronic pain as a risk factor for death by suicide. While many chronic pain conditions have a definitive underlying aetiology, non-somatic conditions represent difficult-to-diagnose and difficult-to-treat public health issues. The interaction of the immune system and nervous system has become an important area in understanding the occurrence of neuroinflammation, nociception, peripheral and central sensitisation seen in chronic pain.
  • 599
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Phosphoinositides Scaffolding Complexes in Autophagy
Cytoplasmic phosphoinositides (PI) are critical regulators of the membrane–cytosol interface that control a myriad of cellular functions despite their low abundance among phospholipids. The metabolic cycle that generates different PI species is crucial to their regulatory role, controlling membrane dynamics, vesicular trafficking, signal transduction, and other key cellular events. The synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PI3,4,5P3) in the cytoplamic PI3K/Akt pathway is central to the life and death of a cell. 
  • 598
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polyamines and Physical Activity in Musculoskeletal Diseases
Autophagy dysregulation is commonplace in the pathogenesis of several invalidating diseases, such as musculoskeletal diseases. Polyamines are emerging as natural autophagy regulators with strong anti-aging effects. Recent studies indicate that spermidine reverses dysfunctional autophagy and stimulates mitophagy in muscles and heart, preventing senescence. Physical exercise, as polyamines, regulates skeletal muscle mass inducing proper autophagy and mitophagy. In addition, the combination of spermidine supplementation and regular physical exercise could have positive effects on reactivating the autophagic process flux, maintaining the skeletal muscle mass, and delaying its senescence. This suggests that exercise and spermidine may share mediators acting on similar pathways in autophagy and related processes involved in muscle maintenance. Therefore, the established geroprotective effect of spermidine supplementation and regular practice of exercise might also be promising to prevent or improve age-related musculoskeletal diseases. 
  • 597
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gender Differences of Cortisol and Receptors in Depression
There are significant gender differences in the relationship between cortisol and depression. While the results may vary based on the age group and source of the samples, several mixed-gender studies show that there appears to be heightened serum cortisol levels in depressed males compared to depressed females. There are also differences noticed in salivary cortisol reactivity, with male children having increased reactivity, though these differences seem to diminish with age. Significant gender differences can also be seen in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression. These differences are found both in expression levels as well as epigenetic regulation depending on the disorder and on the brain region.
  • 596
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Natural Polyphenols for Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of bacterial infection worldwide. UTIs are gender-specific diseases, with a higher incidence in women. This type of infection could occur in the upper part of the urogenital tract, leading to pyelonephritis and kidney infections, or in the lower part of the urinary tract, leading to less serious pathologies, mainly cystitis and urethritis. The most common etiological agent is uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Conventional therapeutic treatment involves the use of antimicrobial agents, but due to the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), this strategy has partially lost its therapeutic efficacy. For this reason, the search for natural alternatives for UTI treatment represents a current research topic. 
  • 595
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Small Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiac Diseases
Effective intercellular communication is essential for cellular and tissue balance maintenance and response to challenges. Cellular communication methods involve direct cell contact or the release of biological molecules to cover short and long distances.
  • 593
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cotoneaster integerrimus (Rosaceae) from the Balkans
Cotoneaster integerrimus represents a multiploid and facultative apomictic system of widely distributed mountain populations. 
  • 592
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Relevance of Genetic Identification in Natural Catastrophes
Different types of catastrophes, including from natural causes, armed conflicts and different acts of terrorism, lead not only to movement and disappearance but also to the death of civilians, demanding a prompt and effective response concerning the identification and delivery of individuals to their families.
  • 590
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Behavioral Ecology of European Plethodontid Salamanders
Plethodontid salamanders (family Plethodontidae) are often used as model organisms to better understand different aspects of behavioral adaptation. This contributed to increase the interest from ethologists and evolutionary biologists regarding amphibian behavioral ecology. The recent advancements on the behavioral ecology of European cave salamanders belonging to the genus Speleomantes are presented herein. Several aspects of Speleomantes behavior were investigated, such as trophic strategies and parental care, while others were neglected, in particular, chemical communication at the intraspecfic level. Possible future directions for successful research should integrate field observations and planned experiments to understand those topics still uninvestigated (e.g., chemical communication and behavioral adaptation that facilitate the permanent colonization of subterranean habitats).
  • 589
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 589
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metagenomics in Biofouling Research
Biofouling is the growth of organisms on wet surfaces. Biofouling includes micro- (bacteria and unicellular algae) and macrofouling (mussels, barnacles, tube worms, bryozoans, etc.) and is a major problem for industries. However, the settlement and growth of some biofouling species, like oysters and corals, can be desirable. Thus, it is important to understand the process of biofouling in detail. Modern “omic” techniques, such as metabolomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, provide unique opportunities to study biofouling organisms and communities and investigate their metabolites and environmental interactions.  Because "omics" originate from biomedical research and especially work at the cellular level, the learning curve for work in the environment is steep.  Researchers envision that as use of "omics" techniques especially combining different "omics" to address complex issues like biofouling will be transformational.
  • 588
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cerebellum in Neurodegenerative Disorders
An important part of the central nervous system (CNS), the cerebellum is involved in motor control, learning, reflex adaptation, and cognition. Diminished cerebellar function results in the motor and cognitive impairment observed in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), and multiple sclerosis (MS), and even during the normal aging process. In most neurodegenerative disorders, impairment mainly occurs as a result of morphological changes over time, although during the early stages of some disorders such as AD, the cerebellum also serves a compensatory function. Biological aging is accompanied by changes in cerebellar circuits, which are predominantly involved in motor control.
  • 588
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Risks
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) with pharmacological potential can be rapidly taken up by a variety of cell types and have the potential to traverse intracellular and intercellular barriers. NPs can trigger the production of reactive oxygen species, activate the complement system, or impair the functionality of membranes and cellular barriers, depending on the kind, dose, and incubation period. These acts cause immediate or persistent damage to the organism, which can result in catastrophic consequences such as inflammation, gene mutations, and severe organ damage.
  • 587
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Side-Chain Functional Groups in Bacterial Glycans
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans’ structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. 
  • 583
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pesticide Residues on the Gut-Microbiota–Blood–Brain Barrier Axis
The intestinal barrier (IB) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) are considered immunological and physical barriers. Each barrier not only provides protection against invading pathogens but is also important for controlling the microenvironment of the tissue and, therefore, tightly regulates the movement of the molecules and ions between the cellular spaces. These barriers have many similarities in their mechanisms of action despite providing defense in very different environments. Unlike the BBB, the IB is constantly exposed to food antigens and contaminants and is colonized by a collection of bacteria and microorganisms’ antigens of the microbiota. The gut microbiota (GM) is a real organ system that includes a diverse and complex population of microorganisms colonizing the digestive tract and having a symbiotic host’s relationship that helps to maintain a dynamic metabolic and ecological balance.
  • 581
  • 17 Apr 2023
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