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Topic Review
Role of Hypoxia in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Carcinogenesis
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, and it is a disease of dismal prognosis. While immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of various solid tumors, it has achieved little success in PDAC. Hypoxia within the stroma-rich tumor microenvironment is associated with resistance to therapies and promotes angiogenesis, giving rise to a chaotic and leaky vasculature that is inefficient at shuttling oxygen and nutrients. Hypoxia and its downstream effectors have been implicated in immune resistance and could be contributing to the lack of response to immunotherapy experienced by patients with PDAC.
  • 316
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Male Germ Cell Telomeres and Chemical Pollutants
Telomerase activity in male germ cells ensures that the telomere length is maintained at maximum levels during spermatogenesis, despite telomere shortening due to DNA replication or other genotoxic factors such as environmental pollutants. An emerging body of evidence has associated an exposure to pollutants with male infertility. Although telomeric DNA may be one of the important targets of environmental pollutants, only a few authors have considered it as a conventional parameter for sperm function.
  • 315
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Policies Addressing Non-Communicable and Chronic Diseases in China
Non-communicable and chronic diseases (NCDs) have become a public health problem that seriously threatens the population’s health, especially in rapidly industrialized countries. Given the complexity of managing NCDs, there is growing evidence that interventions embedding or incorporating health promotion strategies can help reduce the disease burden of NCDs. 
  • 314
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polyphenols for Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of bacterial infection worldwide. UTIs are gender-specific diseases, with a higher incidence in women. This type of infection could occur in the upper part of the urogenital tract, leading to pyelonephritis and kidney infections, or in the lower part of the urinary tract, leading to less serious pathologies, mainly cystitis and urethritis. The most common etiological agent is uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Conventional therapeutic treatment involves the use of antimicrobial agents, but due to the dramatic increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), this strategy has partially lost its therapeutic efficacy. For this reason, the search for natural alternatives for UTI treatment represents a current research topic. 
  • 314
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Arthritis
This entry explores several animal models utilized in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) research. Streptococcal Cell Wall-Induced Arthritis (SCWIA) closely resembles human RA and reveals insights into the pathogenicity of bacterial cell wall components. Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) replicates RA in clinical and immunological aspects, with a focus on B cell involvement. Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis (CAIA) offers a rapid model for understanding antibody-mediated mechanisms. Proteoglycan-Induced Arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice mimics human RA, providing genetic and immunological insights unique to this model. Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) mirrors RA's clinical and serological aspects, albeit with variability in disease intensity. Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) highlights the role of environmental triggers in chronic inflammation. Collectively, these models advance our comprehension of RA, facilitating research into its pathogenesis, immune responses, and potential therapies.
  • 314
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Potential Biomarkers Related to UBE3A
Many of the ASDs exhibiting varying degrees of autism-like phenotypes have chromosomal anomalies in the Chr15q11–q13 region. Numerous potential candidate genes linked with ASD reside in this chromosomal segment. However, several clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies selected one gene more frequently than others randomly and unbiasedly. This gene codes for UBE3A or Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A [also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP)], an enzyme involved in the cellular degradation of proteins. This gene has been listed as one of the several genes with a high potential of causing ASD in the Autism Database. The gain of function mutations, triplication, or duplication in the UBE3A gene is also associated with ASDs like Angelman Syndrome (AS) and Dup15q Syndrome. The genetic imprinting of UBE3A in the brain and a preference for neuronal maternal-specific expression are the key features of various ASDs. Since the UBE3A gene is involved in two main important diseases associated with autism-like symptoms, there has been widespread research going on in understanding the link between this gene and autism. 
  • 313
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Animal Models of Acute Inflammation
Acute inflammation is an integral component of the body's innate immune system, responsible for defending against infections and initiating the healing process post-injury. While essential for overall health, uncontrolled or excessive acute inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage and the onset of chronic inflammatory disorders, posing a substantial threat to well-being. The exploration takes us into the realm of preclinical models of acute inflammation, where their characteristics and their indispensable contributions to our understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing inflammation were analyzed. These models provide researchers with controlled environments to replicate and study inflammation, mirroring the complex interplay of inflammatory mediators, cells, and pathways observed in human physiology.
  • 312
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Gene, Parkin
Parkin, the gene responsible for hereditary Parkinson’s disease (PD) called “Autosomal Recessive Juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP)” was discovered a quarter of a century ago.
  • 312
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Phenotype in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
African Americans (AA) are disproportionately burdened by metabolic diseases. While largely unexplored between Caucasian (C) and AA, differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics may provide crucial insight to mechanisms for increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases. AA display lower total energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate compared to C, but paradoxically have a higher amount of skeletal muscle mass, suggestive of inherent energetic efficiency differences between these races.
  • 312
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Treatment Strategies for KRAS-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Activating mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) are highly prevalent in solid tumours and are frequently found in 35% of lung, 45% of colorectal, and up to 90% of pancreatic cancers. Mutated KRAS is a prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC and is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype, highlighting the need for KRAS-targeted therapy. Once considered undruggable due to its smooth shallow surface, a breakthrough showed that the activated G12C-mutated KRAS isozyme can be directly inhibited via a newly identified switch II pocket. This discovery led to the development of a new class of selective small-molecule inhibitors against the KRAS G12C isoform. Sotorasib and adagrasib are approved in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients who have received at least one prior systemic therapy. 
  • 311
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Gender Differences of Cortisol and Receptors in Depression
There are significant gender differences in the relationship between cortisol and depression. While the results may vary based on the age group and source of the samples, several mixed-gender studies show that there appears to be heightened serum cortisol levels in depressed males compared to depressed females. There are also differences noticed in salivary cortisol reactivity, with male children having increased reactivity, though these differences seem to diminish with age. Significant gender differences can also be seen in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression. These differences are found both in expression levels as well as epigenetic regulation depending on the disorder and on the brain region.
  • 308
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Origin Recognition Complex
The origin recognition complex (ORC) selects sites for replication initiation by recruiting a pair of hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complexes to replication origins where the pre-replication complex (Pre-RC) is assembled, and the bidirectional replisomes are formed.
  • 308
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress and Neoplastic Diseases
Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being clarified by numerous studies. Epidemiological research and cancer registries have revealed over the past few years that there are definite sex variations in cancer incidence, progression, and survival. However, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also have a significant impact on the response to treatment of neoplastic diseases. Young women may be more protected from cancer than men because most of the proteins implicated in the regulation of redox state and mitochondrial function are under the control of sexual hormones. 
  • 305
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TRP Channels in Cancer
Ion channels play a crucial role in a wide range of biological processes, including cell cycle regulation and cancer progression. In particular, the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels has emerged as a promising therapeutic target due to its involvement in several stages of cancer development and dissemination.
  • 305
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
A Challenging Story of Schizophrenia and Glutathione
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental illness with a complex and heterogeneous clinical state. Oxidative stress, and in particular glutathione (GSH) dysregulation, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in SZ pathophysiology. In fact, glutathione is a leading actor of oxidative-stress-mediated damage in SZ and appears to reflect the heterogeneity of the disease.
  • 305
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hippocampal Formation and Unique Properties of CA2 Region
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor functions. Although motor impairment is a prominent clinical sign of PD, additional neurological symptoms may also occur, particularly in the preclinical and prodromal stages. Among these symptoms, social cognitive impairment is common and detrimental. Interestingly, the hippocampal CA2 region, with its unique properties, has attracted the attention of scientists due to its potential association with social cognitive functions.
  • 304
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ER+, Node-Positive Breast Cancer
The majority of breast cancers are oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+). In ER+ cancers, oestrogen acts as a disease driver, so these tumours are likely to be susceptible to endocrine therapy (ET). ET works by blocking the hormone’s synthesis or effect. A significant number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer will have the spread of tumour cells into regional lymph nodes either at the time of diagnosis, or as a recurrence some years later. Patients with node-positive disease have a poorer prognosis and can respond less well to ET. The nodal metastases may be genomically similar or, as is becoming more evident, may differ from the primary tumour. However, nodal metastatic disease is often not assessed, and treatment decisions are almost always based on biomarkers evaluated in the primary tumour. 
  • 304
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pharyngeal Patterns of Collapse in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) enables the three-dimensional and dynamic visualization of the upper airway (UA) during sleep, which is useful in selecting the best treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, particularly for surgical procedures. 
  • 304
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Advancement of Abiotic Stresses for Microalgal Lipid Production
The world is currently facing global energy crises and escalating environmental pollution, which are caused by the extensive exploitation of conventional energy sources. The limited availability of conventional energy sources has opened the door to the search for alternative energy sources. In this regard, microalgae have emerged as a promising substitute for conventional energy sources due to their high photosynthetic rate, high carbohydrate and lipid content, efficient CO2 fixation capacity, and ability to thrive in adverse environments. The research and development of microalgal-based biofuel as a clean and sustainable alternative energy source has been ongoing for many years, but it has not yet been widely adopted commercially. However, it is currently gaining greater attention due to the integrated biorefinery concept. In conclusion, algae-based biofuels offer a viable alternative to traditional fuels for meeting the growing demand for energy.
  • 303
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 301
  • 11 Dec 2023
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