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Topic Review
Query-Driven Wireless Sensor Networks
In the context of query-driven wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a unique scenario arises where sensor nodes are solicited by a base station, also known as a sink, based on specific areas of interest (AoIs). Upon receiving a query, designated sensor nodes are tasked with transmitting their data to the sink.
  • 426
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fire Segmentation
Fire segmentation detects fire pixels in fire images by separating the foreground of smoke or flame from the background. It avoids using bounding boxes and focuses on delineating distinct boundaries. There are two categories of fire segmentation methods, feature analysis-based methods and deep learning-based methods.
  • 424
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Testbed for IoT Smart Applications
Wireless sensor network (WSN) environment monitoring and smart city applications present challenges for maintaining network connectivity when, for example, dynamic events occur. Such applications can benefit from recent technologies such as software-defined networks (SDNs) and network virtualization to support network flexibility and offer validation for a physical network.
  • 419
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sum Addressed Decoder
In CPU design, the use of a Sum Addressed Decoder (SAD) or Sum Addressed Memory (SAM) Decoder is a method of reducing the latency of the CPU cache access. This is achieved by fusing the address generation sum operation with the decode operation in the cache SRAM.
  • 417
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Integration with the Saudi Electricity Grid
Due to uncertain photovoltaic (PV) power generation, analyzing the voltage stability of transmission networks with a large PV plant is challenging. The stability of PV output power is a critical factor in establishing PV penetration levels in active transmission networks when assessing loading capabilities. 
  • 416
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Reliability Optimization of Multi-Energy System
Multi-energy systems refer to a new, unified view of energy systems formed by the coupling of cooling and heating in gas and electricity supplies during the transmission and distribution processes, which has the potential to make energy monitoring, generation, consumption, and maintenance more efficient. Multi-energy systems can take full advantage of the interaction between various forms of energy sources to improve system economics, increase system flexibility, and enhance system reliability. 
  • 414
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sensor Network Environments
New technologies have driven the rise of what is being termed as the fourth industrial revolution. The introduction of this new revolution is amalgamating the cyber and physical worlds, bringing with it many benefits, such as the advent of industry 4.0, the internet of things, cloud technologies and smart homes and cities. These new and exciting areas are poised to have significant advantages for society; they can increase the efficiency of many systems and increase the quality of life of people. However, these emerging technologies can potentially have downsides, if used incorrectly or maliciously by bad entities. The rise of the widespread use of sensor networks to allow the mentioned systems to function has brought with it many security vulnerabilities that conventional “hard security” measures cannot mitigate. It is for this reason that a new “soft security” approach is being taken in conjunction with the conventional security means. Trust models offer an efficient way of mitigating the threats posed by malicious entities in networks that conventional security methods may not be able to combat. 
  • 414
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle in Energy-V2G, V2H, V2V
Electric vehicles (EVs) are inducing revolutionary developments to the transportation and power sectors. Their innumerable benefits are forcing nations to adopt this sustainable mode of transport. Governments are framing and implementing various green energy policies. Nonetheless, there exist several critical challenges and concerns to be resolved in order to reap the complete benefits of E-mobility. The impacts of unplanned EV charging are a major concern. Accurate EV load forecasting followed by an efficient charge scheduling system could, to a large extent, solve this problem. This entry focuses on short-term EV demand forecasting using three learning frameworks, which were applied to real-time adaptive charging network (ACN) data, and performance was analyzed. Auto-regressive (AR) forecasting, support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM) frameworks demonstrated good performance in EV charging demand forecasting. Among these, LSTM showed the best performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4 kW and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.9 kW.
  • 414
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resilient Power Systems
Resilience, characterized by the ability to withstand, absorb, and quickly recover from natural disasters and human-induced disruptions, has become paramount in ensuring the stability and dependability of critical infrastructure. The linkage between Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and power system resilience is forged through a systematic classification of DRL applications into five pivotal dimensions: dynamic response, recovery and restoration, energy management and control, communications and cybersecurity, and resilience planning and metrics development. This structured categorization facilitates a methodical exploration of how DRL methodologies can effectively tackle critical challenges within the domain of power and energy system resilience. 
  • 413
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Distributed Generations and Capacitor Banks in Distribution Systems
Integration of Distributed generations (DGs) and capacitor banks (CBs) in distribution systems (DS) have the potential to enhance the system’s overall capabilities. This work demonstrates the application of a hybrid optimization technique the applies an available renewable energy potential (AREP)-based, hybrid-enhanced grey wolf optimizer–particle swarm optimization (AREP-EGWO-PSO) algorithm for the optimum location and sizing of DGs and CBs. EGWO is a metaheuristic optimization technique stimulated by grey wolves, and PSO is a swarm-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. Hybridization of both algorithms finds the optimal solution to a problem through the movement of the particles. Using this hybrid method, multi-criterion solutions are obtained, such as technical, economic, and environmental, and these are enriched using multi-objective functions (MOF), namely minimizing active power losses, voltage deviation, the total cost of electrical energy, total emissions from generation sources and enhancing the voltage stability index (VSI). 
  • 412
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Machine learning in US Medical Diagnostics
Machine learning (ML)  techniques have played a fundamental role in the analysis of US medical images in order to improve the reliability of diagnosis that is often compromised by the relatively poor quality of images due to the presence of noise and acquisition errors. Furthermore, ML techniques reduce operator-dependence, standardize the image interpretation, provide stable results and the capability to make rapid decisions, and relieve the heavy work of radiologists.
  • 412
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Theoretical Concepts Underlying LSTM and BiLSTM Networks
Precise anticipation of electrical demand holds crucial importance for the optimal operation of power systems and the effective management of energy markets within the domain of energy planning. The primary aim of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is to enhance predictive performance by capturing intricate temporal patterns and interdependencies within time series data.
  • 412
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
New Power System Stability
Power system instability causes many local or large-scale power outage accidents. To maintain sustainable development, a new power system construction aimed at maximizing new energy consumption is being put on the agenda.
  • 412
  • 04 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Optimization of Additive Manufacturing Electrical Machines
Optimization in electrical machine design refers to the process of making improvements to the design of an electrical machine in order to maximize its performance and/or cost-effectiveness. To examine and optimize several aspects of the machine, including various parameters such as the shape of the machine, mathematical models and algorithms are often used. 
  • 412
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Subgraph Learning for Topological Geolocalization
One of the challenges of spatial cognition, such as self-localization and navigation, is to develop an efficient learning approach capable of mimicking human ability. One of the enduring challenges for the autonomous agent in the field of geoinformatics, computer vision, and robotics is to determine its location in the environment. The concept of location is inherently relative, and one cannot describe the location of an object without providing a reference or map. 
  • 411
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Event Tracking Sensitivity Analysis for Drilling Disaster Management
In sub-surface drilling rigs, one key critical crisis is unwanted influx into the borehole as a result of increasing the influx rate while drilling deeper into a high-pressure gas formation. Although established risk assessments in drilling rigs provide a high degree of protection, uncertainty arises due to the behavior of the formation being drilled into, which may cause crucial situations at the rig. To overcome such uncertainties, real-time sensor measurements are used to predict, and thus prevent, such crises. 
  • 408
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Theory and Application of Zero Trust Security
As cross-border access becomes more frequent, traditional perimeter-based network security models can no longer cope with evolving security requirements. Zero trust is a novel paradigm for cybersecurity based on the core concept of “never trust, always verify”. It attempts to protect against security risks related to internal threats by eliminating the demarcations between the internal and external network of traditional network perimeters. Nevertheless, research on the theory and application of zero trust is still in its infancy, and more extensive research is necessary to facilitate a deeper understanding of the paradigm in academia and the industry.
  • 408
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Turning and Sensing System for Pressure Ulcers Prevention
Pressure ulcers (PU) are one of the most frequent hazards of long-term bedridden patients. With the continuous increase of aging, the number of long-term bedridden disabled and semi-disabled elderly people is increasing. At the same time, there is a serious shortage of professional pressure ulcer nursing staff.
  • 405
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nokia N73
The Nokia N73 is a smartphone announced by Nokia on 25 April 2006, as part of the Nseries and started shipping on 24 July. The N73 succeeded the N70 and packed in numerous multimedia features. It features a 3.2 megapixel autofocus camera, a front camera, a then-large 2.4 inch display, and stereo speakers, all in a relatively slim and pocketable size and form. It runs on Symbian v9.1 (S60 3rd Edition). It became one of the top selling Nseries devices during 2006 and 2007, and its high popularity helped Nokia's sales of 'multimedia' phones grow 28% year-on-year in Q3 2007 (according to Nokia the other top selling from the line were the N70 and N95).
  • 405
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Circuit Board
Flexible circuit board, also known as flex circuit board, is a special type of printed circuit board where the board has at least a portion which is bendable. Typical use case of flex circuits is referred to as FFC (flexible flat cable) and is used as replacement of cable wires and connectors, in which case the flex circuit is designed without electronic components. Other common use includes components assembled on the flex circuit such as led strip and LCD panel interface. The electronic circuit is designed on flexible plastic substrate, usually polyimide film for its high heat resistance which makes is suitable for solder mounting components. In some cases polyester film may used as substrate material, where heat resistance is not needed and no components are soldered on the board. Instead, the board is printed with an industrial printer capable of dispensing conductive ink such as silver ink or carbon ink onto the polyester substrate. Examples of use are touch sensors in computer keyboards for key press detection.
  • 403
  • 02 Oct 2022
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