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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Bioactive Compounds from Eruca sativa Seeds
Eruca sativa Miller (Brassicaceae) is an insect-pollinated diploid annual species which grows spontaneously in the entire Mediterranean basin from semi-arid to arid-hot conditions and is cultivated in Northern America, Europe, and Asia as either salad or oilseed crop. Here, some essential background was provided on this versatile crop, summarizing the present status of Eruca sativa research focusing on the wealth of bioactive ingredients in its seeds, which may find exploitation in agriculture, in the food industries and as nutraceuticals for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Fatty acids of Eruca sativa seed oil, gums, glucosinolates and soluble and insoluble phenol and flavonoid fractions in the defatted press cake are the main bioactive compounds considered to date by the scientific literature and that deserve attention for their physical and biological activities. 
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Therapeutic Proteins
Reinventing approved therapeutic proteins for a new dose, a new formulation, a new route of administration, an improved safety profile, a new indication, or a new conjugate with a drug or a radioactive source is a creative approach to benefit from the billions spent on developing new therapeutic proteins. These new opportunities were created only recently with the arrival of Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) tools and high throughput screening technologies. Furthermore, the complex nature of proteins offers mining opportunities that are not possible with chemical drugs; bringing in newer therapies without spending billions makes this path highly lucrative financially while serving the dire needs of humanity. 
  • 2.4K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Cosmogenic Activation
       The cosmogenic activation of materials is the production of radioactive isotopes due to the exposure to cosmic rays. On the Earth's surface, spallation induced by cosmic neutrons is responsible of most of the activation, but other reactions and cosmic ray components must be considered too in other conditions, like if materials are flown at high altitudes or stored deep underground.        Cosmogenic activation is relevant in different contexts; for example, together with primordial or anthropogenic radioactivity, it s a background source in experiments devoted to the investigation of rare event phenomena, like the direct detection of dark matter particles or the nuclear double beta decay. 
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Truffles
Truffle is a gourmet food used in the haute cuisine world for its valued and pleasant aroma. In scientific jargon truffle is an ascomyceteous fungus belonging to the Tuberaceae family of the Pezizales order. Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma and high nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. Truffles possess significant variability in their aroma profiles from species to species. In general, sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol have been identified in most truffle species.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan Films Barrier improvement
Chitosan is produced commercialy by deacetylation of chitin (a molecule derivative from glucose, and the second most plentiful natural polysaccharide found on our planet after cellulose) and chitosan films have been studied for food preservation, since they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive. However, their performance, in terms of water and gases barrier properties, needs to be improved.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
All-Cellulose Composites
Wood- or plant-based cellulose fibres have shown their potential as a reinforcement in composites for a relatively long time alongside the commonly used glass-fibre and carbon-fibre reinforcements. Whereas regular biocomposites suffer from fibre-matrix adhesion-related challenges, all-cellulose composites (ACCs) can overcome this problem by both matrix and reinforcement having the same or a similar chemical structure, which results in good interfacial compatibility. ACCs can provide an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional petrochemical-based materials since they are a type of single-polymer composites (SPCs) from biomass-derived cellulose, and as such, they are easily recyclable, and they originate from renewable sources.
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plastic Waste Disposal in South African Townships
Twenty-first century human behaviour continues to escalate activities that result in environmental damage. This calls for environmentally friendly solutions, such as waste recycling and handling, to deal with the increased amount of waste, especially plastics. The plastic materials manufacturing sector is booming, particularly packaging; while only a fraction of its waste is recycled, another fraction is destroyed, and the larger part continues to pollute the environment. In addition to other waste disposal activities, destroying plastic or incineration (which could be for energy recovery) is usually subjected to strict legal requirements because of its effect on the environment. However plastic is destroyed or disposed of, it poses a serious challenge in both the short term and the long term to humans and their natural environment if the process is not efficiently managed.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Life Table
In actuarial science and demography, a life table (also called a mortality table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before their next birthday ("probability of death"). In other words, it represents the survivorship of people from a certain population. They can also be explained as a long-term mathematical way to measure a population's longevity. Tables have been created by demographers including Graunt, Reed and Merrell, Keyfitz, and Greville. There are two types of life tables used in actuarial science. The period life table represents mortality rates during a specific time period of a certain population. A cohort life table, often referred to as a generation life table, is used to represent the overall mortality rates of a certain population's entire lifetime. They must have had to be born during the same specific time interval. A cohort life table is more frequently used because it is able to make a prediction of any expected changes in mortality rates of a population in the future. This type of table also analyzes patterns in mortality rates that can be observed over time. Both of these types of life tables are created based on an actual population from the present, as well as an educated prediction of the experience of a population in the near future. In order to find the true life expectancy average, 100 years would need to pass and by then finding that data would be of no use as healthcare is continually advancing. Other life tables in historical demography may be based on historical records, although these often undercount infants and understate infant mortality, on comparison with other regions with better records, and on mathematical adjustments for varying mortality levels and life expectancies at birth. From this starting point, a number of inferences can be derived. Life tables are also used extensively in biology and epidemiology. An area that uses this tool is Social Security. It examines the mortality rates of all the people who have Social Security to decide which actions to take. The concept is also of importance in product life cycle management. All mortality tables are specific to environmental and life circumstances, and are used to probabilistically determine expected maximum age within those environmental conditions.
  • 2.4K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microbiological Hazards in Pet Foods
Nowadays, dogs are usually equally treated with other family members. Due to the growing caregivers’ awareness, the pet foods industry is changing dynamically. Pet foods are manufactured with a myriad of ingredients. Few authors of scientific papers deal with the topic of foods products’ safety for pet animals, assessed from the perspective of their caregivers. Despite the many methods of producing foods of the highest quality, there are still cases of contamination of pet foods and treats. In the case of dried chews for dogs, bacteria of the genus Salmonella are the most common risk. In the case of both dry and wet foods, in addition to many species of bacteria, we often deal with mold fungi and their metabolites, mycotoxins.
  • 2.4K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CO2 Pipeline: Accidental Releases Modeling
Carbon capture use and storage (CCUS) is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for developing large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage projects. Dispersion modeling for heavy gas such as carbon dioxide is considerably different from natural gas. The set up for modeling simulations is more challenging than conventional natural gas pipeline for several reasons, such as the differences in thermodynamics that must be considered. Moreover, when the carbon dioxide is transported in dense or liquid phase, the rapid phase changing, and possible consequent formation of solids should be considered. Finally, the equation of state required for accurate prediction of parameters is generally different than the ones applicable for natural gas.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Crop Yield Prediction Approaches
Crop yield prediction is becoming more important because of the growing concern about food security. Early crop yield prediction plays an important role in reducing famine by estimating the food availability for the growing world population. Deep learning has emerged as a potential tool for crop yield prediction, allowing the model to automatically extract features and learn from the datasets. Meanwhile, smart farming technology enables the farmers to achieve maximum crop yield by extracting essential parameters of crop growth.
  • 2.4K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Human-Computer Interaction Institute
The Human-Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is a department within the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is considered one of the leading centers of human-computer interaction research, and was named one of the top ten most innovative schools in information technology by Computer World in 2008. For the past three decades, the institute has been the predominant publishing force at leading HCI venues, most notably ACM CHI, where it regularly contributes more than 10% of the papers. Research at the institute aims to understand and create technology that harmonizes with and improves human capabilities by integrating aspects of computer science, design, social science, and learning science. Depending on the selected coursework that the student decides to take (in addition to some core classes), they are able to form a schedule specific to the field they are interested in. For example, if a student is specifically interested in pursuing a user experience design profession, they are able to choose courses that focus mainly on the design process behind applications. If the student is interested in product management or project management, they can select electives that encourage group work and cross-collaboration across majors so that they may learn some of the tasks of these professions. A list of courses and course descriptions is included below. HCII offers an HCI major for undergraduates, as well a master's degree and a PhD in HCI. Students from various academic backgrounds come together from around the world to participate in these programs. Students enter the program at various stages in their academic and professional careers, with various levels of experience. HCII research and educational programs span a full cycle of value creation. The cycle includes research on how people work, play, and communicate within groups, organizations, and social structures. It includes the design, creation, and evaluation of technologies and tools to support human and social activities.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stem Cell Types for Treating Depression
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), colloquially known as depression, is a debilitating condition affecting an estimated 3.8% of the population globally, of which 5.0% are adults and 5.7% are above the age of 60. MDD is differentiated from common mood changes and short-lived emotional responses due to subtle alterations in gray and white matter, including the frontal lobe, hippocampus, temporal lobe, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. It can be detrimental to a person’s overall health if it occurs with moderate or severe intensity. It can render a person suffering terribly to perform inadequately in their personal, professional, and social lives. Depression, at its peak, can lead to suicidal thoughts and ideation. Antidepressants manage clinical depression and function by modulating the serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain. 
  • 2.4K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neighborhood Wellbeing of Townships in South Africa
Townships in South Africa are characterized by underdeveloped urban neighborhoods on the periphery of cities, where their inhabitants suffer from a poor quality of life. 
  • 2.4K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Challenges of Misinformation in Online Learning: A Post-Pandemic Perspective
This entry examines the critical issue of misinformation within online learning environments following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on its types, spread, and consequences. It identifies key drivers of misinformation, such as reliance on unverified sources, limited media literacy, and emotional susceptibility during uncertainty. The entry analyses the effects of misinformation on students, educators, and the broader educational ecosystem, including behavioral disorders, reduced motivation, and misinformation-driven public anxiety. To address these challenges, the entry proposes strategies such as enhancing digital literacy, fostering critical thinking, and encouraging social interaction in virtual learning spaces. Ultimately, this work aims to equip educators, policymakers, and stakeholders with insights to develop a resilient, informed, and equitable post-pandemic educational framework.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Electrolysis of BO2− into BH4−
The recycling of sodium borohydride poses a huge challenge to the drive towards a hydrogen economy. Mechano-chemical, thermo-chemical and electrochemical are the only reported methods of recycling sodium metaborate into sodium borohydride. Much attention have been devoted towards the mechano-chemical and thermo-chemical methods of reduction, little focus is devoted to electrochemical methods. This research describes the electrochemical behaviour of borohydride (BH4ˉ) and metaborate (BO2ˉ) anion in alkaline solutions. The electrochemical characteristics of BH4ˉ is controlled by the alkaline concentration, the concentration of the BH4ˉ and the type of electrode material. The attempts to electro-reduce the BO2ˉ into BH4ˉ is reviewed and the challenges, suggestions and future outlook of electro-reduction to recycle the BO2ˉ into BH4ˉ is highlighted.
  • 2.4K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Utilization of Product Usage Information in Product Development
As emerging technologies such as IoT technologies become widespread, producers can collect large-scale product usage information (PUI) from different stakeholders, including retailers, customers, users, and the providers of product-related services such as maintenance, renting, and leasing. Its content, format, and quality are heterogeneous and cover, for example, service reports, review reports, and embedded systems’ measurements. This information provides producers a better understanding of user expectations, usage situations, product behavior, and performance.
  • 2.4K
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ara (Genus)
Ara is a neotropical genus of macaws with eight extant species and at least two extinct species. The genus name was coined by French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. It gives its name to and is part of the Arini, or tribe of neotropical parrots. The genus name Ara is derived from the Tupi word ará, an onomatopoeia of the sound a macaw makes. The Ara macaws are large striking parrots with long tails, long narrow wings and vividly coloured plumage. They all have a characteristic bare face patch around the eyes. Males and females have similar plumage. Many of its members are popular in the pet trade, and bird smuggling is a threat to several species.
  • 2.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rotor Dynamic Scattering
Rotor dynamic scattering refers to the phenomenon that a rotating rotor-like component continuously deflects incident radar waves in the observation field to generate dynamic echoes. This scattering feature has obvious dynamic characteristics and periodic characteristics. Factors such as observation angle, radar wave frequency, polarization mode, rotor disc angle and rotor carrier attitude angle are closely related. The emergence of dynamic scattering has transformed the rotor radar cross-section (RCS) problem from static solution to dynamic analysis. Studying rotor dynamic scattering has great engineering value for designing stealth rotors from the dynamic RCS level.
  • 2.4K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
MAYV Pathogenesis and Transmission Mechanisms
Mayaro virus (MAYV), isolated for the first time in Trinidad and Tobago, has captured the attention of public health authorities worldwide following recent outbreaks in the Americas. It has a propensity to be exported outside its original geographical range, because of the vast distribution of its vectors. Moreover, most of the world population is immunologically naïve with respect to infection with MAYV which makes this virus a true threat. The recent invasion of several countries by Aedes albopictus underscores the risk of potential urban transmission of MAYV in both tropical and temperate regions. In humans, the clinical manifestations of MAYV disease range from mild fever, rash, and joint pain to arthralgia. In the absence of a licensed vaccine and clinically proven therapeutics against Mayaro fever, prevention focuses mainly on household mosquito control. However, as demonstrated for other arboviruses, mosquito control is rather inecient for outbreak management and alternative approaches to contain the spread of MAYV are therefore necessary. Despite its strong epidemic potential, little is currently known about MAYV.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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