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Topic Review
Tackling Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Antibiotics have played a crucial role in the reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) globally as evidenced by the fact that before the mid-20th century, the mortality rate within five years of the onset of the disease was 50%. The use of antibiotics has eliminated TB as a devastating disease, but the challenge of resistance to anti-TB drugs, which had already been described at the time of the introduction of streptomycin, has become a major global issue in disease management. 
  • 790
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Milk Fat Globules
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic Gram-negative bacteria. While raw milk cheese consumption is healthful, contamination with pathogens such as STEC can occur due to poor hygiene practices at the farm level. STEC infections cause mild to serious symptoms in humans. The raw milk cheese-making process concentrates certain milk macromolecules such as proteins and milk fat globules (MFGs), allowing the intrinsic beneficial and pathogenic microflora to continue to thrive. MFGs are surrounded by a biological membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which has a globally positive health effect, including inhibition of pathogen adhesion.
  • 789
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rudivirus
Rudivirus is a genus of viruses in the order Ligamenvirales; it is the only genus in the family Rudiviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped, stiff-rod-shaped viruses with linear dsDNA genomes, that infect hyperthermophilic archaea of the kingdom Crenarchaeota. There are currently three species in this genus including the type species Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus 2. The family name derives from the Latin rudis, thin rod, referring to the virion shape.
  • 787
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fermented Products
It is speculated that traditional fermented non-dairy beverages have been produced by humans since around 7000 B.C.. These foods are known to confer several health benefits due to their biological properties that include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects. These health effects are associated with the presence of viable beneficial microorganisms (probiotics), their metabolites and cellular fragments (postbiotics), and non-digestible fibers (prebiotics). 
  • 787
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Community in The Rhizosphere Soil
The rhizosphere is known as the region of the soil that surrounds the root where biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil are modulated by plant processes. The abundance of nutrient accumulation in rhizosphere soils has placed the rhizosphere as an “epicenter” of bacterial concentrations. 
  • 787
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Proteins of PF07598 Paralogous Gene Family
Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, a changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new strains, serovars, serogroups, and species. Virulence-modifying (VM) proteins encoded by the PF07598 gene family are hypothesized to be Leptospira-secreted exotoxins that mediate the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of severe and fatal leptospirosis. If confirmed experimentally, this concept could revolutionize the treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine-mediated prevention of leptospirosis by enabling a novel array of targeted interventions. VM proteins, as with other bacterial-secreted protein exotoxins, mediate their virulence effects by attaching to eukaryotic cells, competing with other microorganisms for limited resources in environmental niches, directly intoxicating target cells, and disrupting their function in the mammalian host.
  • 786
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pathogen Detection Methods
As the countering measurement, the rapid and accurate detection or discovery of the pathogen is pivotal. It enables immediate tracking and monitoring of the spread of pathogens, understanding of the transmission dynamics of diseases, identifying potential reservoirs or vectors, and developing targeted interventions to control and prevent outbreaks. The complete procedure of pathogen discovery generally consists of the detection for microbial agents causing diseases and then the proof of causation relationship for leading diseases. While under various circumstances, this concept of pathogen discovery can also be interpreted to diagnostics or identification of unknown pathogens in the clinical and environment settings. Collectively, prompt pathogen discovery does not only enable the timely measurements for minimizing the transmission but also contributes to the development of medical treatment and the creation of vaccines. 
  • 786
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Chelerythrine Chloride and Urease inhibitor
 Inhibition of ruminal microbial urease is of particular interest due to its crucial role in regulating urea-N utilization efficiency and nitrogen pollution in the livestock industry. Chelerythrine chloride was selected as a potential urease inhibitor by inhibiting the GTPase activity of UreG and interaction between UreG and nickel, which were the key steps in disrupting urease maturation. The inhibition potency of chelerythrine chloride against UreG provided new evidence for strategies to develop novel urease inhibitors targeting UreG to reduce nitrogen excretion from ruminants.
  • 786
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Moonlighting in Rickettsiales
Rickettsiales comprise a diverse and expanding list of vector-borne obligate intra-cellular Gram-negative bacteria that include many animal and human pathogens as well as non-pathogens. Members of Rickettsiales are characterized by small genomes, with sizes ranging between 0.8 and 2.5 Mbp, and the number of hypothetical proteins varying from 88 to 536.
  • 785
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dynamics of Microbial Plaque Formation on Dentures
Whichever polymer is used in the composition of the prosthetic base (poly methyl methacrylate acrylic (PMMA), polyamide (PA), or polyether ether ketone (PEEK)), the simple presence of a removable prosthesis in the oral cavity can disturb the balance of the oral microbiota. This phenomenon is aggravated by poor oral hygiene, resulting in an increased microbial load coupled with the reduced salivation that is associated with older patients. In 15–70% of patients, this imbalance leads to the appearance of inflammation under the prosthesis (denture stomatitis, DS). DS is dependent on the equilibrium—as well as on the reciprocal, fragile, and constantly dynamic conditions—between the host and the microbiome in the oral cavity. Several local and general parameters contribute to this balance. Locally, the formation of microbial plaque on dentures (DMP) depends on the phenomena of adhesion, aggregation, and accumulation of microorganisms. To limit DMP, apart from oral and lifestyle hygiene, the prosthesis must be polished and regularly immersed in a disinfectant bath. It can also be covered with an insulating coating. In the long term, relining and maintenance of the prosthesis must also be established to control microbial proliferation. On the other hand, several general conditions specific to the host (aging; heredity; allergies; diseases such as diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular, respiratory, or digestive diseases; and immunodeficiencies) can make the management of DS difficult.
  • 785
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Leishmaniasis in the United States
Leishmaniasis, a chronic and persistent intracellular protozoal infection caused by many different species within the genus Leishmania, is an unfamiliar disease to most North American providers. 
  • 784
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antibacterial Peptides Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that mainly colonizes the nasal cavity and skin. To colonize the host, it is necessary for S. aureus to resist many antibacterial factors derived from human and commensal bacteria. Among them are the bacteria-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) called bacteriocins. It was reported that some two-component systems (TCSs), which are signal transduction systems specific to bacteria, are involved in the resistance to several bacteriocins in S. aureus. However, the TCS-mediated resistance is limited to relatively low concentrations of bacteriocins, while high concentrations of bacteriocins still exhibit antibacterial activity against S. aureus.
  • 782
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance is considered a complex problem and a global health concern for both humans and animals. Around 2.8 million human cases of infections by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and 700,000 deaths are reported annually, and this number could reach 10 million by 2050 if antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) is not reduced.
  • 781
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Oral microbiome, COVID-19 Infection, and Oral hygiene
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, whereas its association with SARS-CoV-2 infection remains under investigation. Since the oral path is one of the transmission routes for COVID-19, researchers attempt to show the relationship between the oral microbiome, COVID-19 infection, and oral hygiene. 
  • 778
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Host Cyanobacteria Killing by Novel Lytic Cyanophage YongM
Cyanobacteria are autotrophic prokaryotes that can proliferate robustly in eutrophic waters through photosynthesis. This can lead to outbreaks of lake “water blooms”, which result in water quality reduction and environmental pollution that seriously affect fisheries and aquaculture. The use of cyanophages to control the growth of cyanobacteria is an important strategy to tackle annual cyanobacterial blooms. YongM is a novel lytic cyanophage with a broad host spectrum and high efficiency in killing its host, cyanobacteria FACHB-596. However, changes in cyanophage protein profile during infestation and killing of the host remains unknown.
  • 778
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Predatory Bacteria
Predatory bacteria, along with the biology of their predatory behavior, have attracted interest in terms of their ecological significance and industrial applications. 
  • 778
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Riboflavin + UV Light Pathogen Reduction Technology
Blood transfusions are essential in treating patients with anemia, blood loss, and other medical conditions. However, these lifesaving procedures can contribute to infectious disease transmission, particularly to vulnerable populations. New methods have been implemented on a global basis for the prevention of transfusion transmissions via plasma, platelets, and whole blood products. Implementing proactive pathogen reduction methods may reduce the likelihood of disease transmission via blood transfusions, even for newly emerging agents.
  • 777
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondria-Mediated Azole Drug
In recent years, the role of mitochondria in pathogenic fungi in terms of azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity has been a rapidly developing field. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondria are involved in regulating azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity. Mitochondrial function is involved in the regulation of drug efflux pumps at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. On the one hand, defects in mitochondrial function can serve as the signal leading to activation of calcium signaling and the pleiotropic drugresistance pathway and, therefore, can globally upregulate the expression of drug efflux pump genes, leading to azole drug resistance. On the other hand, mitochondria also contribute to azole resistance through modulation of drug efflux pump localization and activity. Mitochondria further contribute to azole resistance through participating in iron homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in azole resistance. Meanwhile, mitochondrial morphology is important for fungal virulence, playing roles in growth in stressful conditions in a host. Furthermore, there is a close link between mitochondrial respiration and fungal virulence, and mitochondrial respiration plays an important role in morphogenetic transition, hypoxia adaptation, and cell wall biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the possibility for targeting mitochondrial factors for the development of antifungal therapies.
  • 776
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Liposomes-Based Drug Delivery Systems of Anti-Biofilm Agents
All currently approved antibiotics are being met by some degree of resistance by the bacteria they target. Biofilm formation is one of the crucial enablers of bacterial resistance, making it an important bacterial process to target for overcoming antibiotic resistance. Accordingly, several drug delivery systems that target biofilm formation have been developed. One of these systems is based on lipid-based nanocarriers (liposomes), which have shown strong efficacy against biofilms of bacterial pathogens. Liposomes come in various types, namely conventional (charged or neutral), stimuli-responsive, deformable, targeted, and stealth. This research reviews studies employing liposomal formulations against biofilms of medically salient gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species reported recently. 
  • 776
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Gold Organs in Brucellosis
Brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes abortion, reproduction failure in livestock and leads to a debilitating flu-like illness with serious chronic complications if untreated in humans. The “gold organs” for nesting Brucella, in which Brucella replicates in cells of the reticular endothelial system, include the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, epididymis, and placenta.
  • 776
  • 19 May 2023
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