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Topic Review
MHC-I Reduction and Immune Evasion
Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance via diverse strategies. In accordance, a large number of complex studies of the immune system focusing on tumor cell recognition have revealed new insights and strategies developed, largely through major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). MHC-I molecules are known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and HLA class-I molecules are composed of classical (class-Ia) and the non-classical (class-Ib) components.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide in Cancer
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, corrosive gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell, known for over 300 years as an environmental toxin [1]. High H2S concentrations cause damage in many organs, including the brain, kidneys, and lungs.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Role of the Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer
The microbiome is now known to be associated with cancer development and progression in many types of cancer including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Many observational studies have revealed the association of the oral, gut, and intratumor microbiome with human PDAC. The microbiome may affect the composition of tumor microenvironment via the immune response and generate an immunosuppressive environment. The microbiome could be a  biomarker for the prediction of an immunogenic tumor microenvironment and immune-targeted therapies.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microneedles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
The tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissue that can be localized (benign) or possesses the capability of metastasis (malignant). The conventional methods of tumor diagnosis, such as acupuncture, endoscopy, and histopathology, and treatment methods, such as injections, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, are invasive, expensive, and pose severe safety and management issues for the patients. Microneedle technology is minimally invasive, self-administrable, bypasses the first-pass effect, effectively delivers chemotherapeutics and drugs at low doses, and provides drug diffusion into the tumor areas, thus, overcoming the drawbacks of conventional delivery systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins and Malignant Tumor Progression
Chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs are the dimorphic protein present in both soluble and membrane fractions. As an integral membrane protein, CLICs potentially possess ion channel activity. In vertebrates, CLICs are classified into six classes: CLIC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. CLIC2 is expressed at higher levels in benign tumors than in malignant ones, most likely preventing tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues. CLIC2 is also expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of normal tissues and maintains their intercellular adhesive junctions, presumably suppressing the hematogenous metastasis of malignant tumor cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Prevention via Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality among all types of malignancies. Sedentary lifestyles, obesity, smoking, red and processed meat, low-fiber diets, inflammatory bowel disease, and gut dysbiosis are the most important risk factors associated with CRC pathogenesis. Alterations in gut microbiota are positively correlated with colorectal carcinogenesis, as these can dysregulate the immune response, alter the gut’s metabolic profile, modify the molecular processes in colonocytes, and initiate mutagenesis. Changes in the daily diet, and the addition of plant-based nutraceuticals, have the ability to modulate the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota, maintaining gut homeostasis and regulating host immune and inflammatory responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TEVs-Mediated Communication between Tumor and Immune Cells
Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are an important means of tumor communication with, and manipulation of, the patient’s physiology. TEVs influence the local tumor environment as well as the systemic conditions of the patient.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Domestic Animal Models of Central Nervous System Tumors
Intracranial primary tumors (IPTs) are aggressive forms of malignancies that cause high mortality in both humans and domestic animals. Meningiomas are frequent adult IPTs in humans, dogs, and cats, and both benign and malignant forms cause a decrease in life quality and survival. Surgery is the primary therapeutic approach to treat meningiomas, but, in many cases, it is not resolutive. The chemotherapy and targeted therapy used to treat meningiomas also display low efficacy and many side effects. Therefore, it is essential to find novel pharmacological approaches to increase the spectrum of therapeutic options for meningiomas.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer
Intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, including Abelson (Abl), Src, JNK and many others, play a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways and cancer development, being highly activated in malignant tumor cells, but having very low activity and expression in normal cells. Consequently, in the last thirty years, many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have entered in clinical trials and were approved to treat hematologic and non-hematologic tumors, thus improving cancer treatment. In particular, the greatest progress has been made with the use of TKIs in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Derived Cancer Vaccines
Cancers are driven by genetic instabilities that rapidly accumulate somatic mutations and eventually alter cell properties. Cancer immunotherapy has achieved multiple clinical benefits and has become an indispensable component of cancer treatment. Targeting tumor-specific antigens, also known as neoantigens, plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. T cells of adaptive immunity that recognize neoantigens, but do not induce unwanted off-target effects, have demonstrated high efficacy and low side effects in cancer immunotherapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Role of Midkine in Cancer Drug Resistance
Molecules involved in drug resistance can be targeted for better therapeutic efficacies. Research on midkine (MDK) has escalated in the last few decades, which affirms a positive correlation between disease progression and MDK expression in most cancers and indicates its association with multi-drug resistance in cancer. MDK, a secretory cytokine found in blood, can be exploited as a potent biomarker for the non-invasive detection of drug resistance expressed in various cancers and, thereby, can be targeted. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
The Selected Rare B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
The updated 4th edition WHO classification of lymphoid malignancies and certain lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), released in 2016, contains pivotal new terminology and information that is important for both radiologists and oncologists to understand. In spite of these updates, some LPDs included within this update have been rarely discussed in radiology literature. Many of these disorders have distinct clinical and imaging features, overlapping with more common disorders. The purpose of this entry is provide an overview for radiologists regarding certain rare LPDs.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity of Fluoropyrimidines
The definition of cardiotoxicity includes not only clinical symptoms but also changes in left ventricular ejection fraction or histopathological changes in cardiomyocytes. Cardiotoxicity is a rare but serious complication of cytostatic agents, defined as a negative impact on heart function or cardiac cells. Fluoropyrimidine cardiotoxicity was first described in 1969, and since then, many studies have confirmed these findings, but many details such as incidence, mechanisms, and treatment are unclear and remain disputed.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus
Oncolytic viruses represent interesting anti-cancer agents with high tumor selectivity and immune stimulatory potential. The anti-neoplastic activities of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) include (i) the endocytic targeting of the GTPase Rac1 in Ras-transformed human tumorigenic cells; (ii) the switch from cellular protein to viral protein synthesis and the induction of autophagy mediated by viral nucleoprotein NP; (iii) the virus replication mediated by viral RNA polymerase (large protein (L), associated with phosphoprotein (P)); (iv) the facilitation of NDV spread in tumors via the membrane budding of the virus progeny with the help of matrix protein (M) and fusion protein (F); and (v) the oncolysis via apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, or ferroptosis associated with immunogenic cell death. A special property of this oncolytic virus consists of its potential for breaking therapy resistance in human cancer cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
EBV-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBV-MCU) was classified as a rare new entity of the lymphoproliferative B-cell diseases by the WHO in 2017 and must be distinguished from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by early biopsy.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
This work shows a global vision of the situation, placing the reader in a concise and orderly manner in perspective of the current state of treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma. Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. The most frequent location is the choroid, representing 80% of the total, followed by the ciliary body, 12%, and the iris, 8%. The incidence of UM ranges from 5.3 to 10.9 cases per million inhabitants per year. Risk factors for developing UM include fair skin, congenital ocular melanocytosis, melanocytoma, and BAP1-tumor predisposition syndrome.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
The chloroquine family of antimalarials has a long history of use, spanning many decades. Despite this extensive clinical experience, novel applications, including use in autoimmune disor-ders, infectious disease, and cancer, have only recently been identified. While short term use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine is safe at traditional therapeutic doses in patients without pre-disposing conditions, administration of higher doses and for longer durations are associated with toxicity, including retinotoxicity. Additional liabilities of these medications include pharmacokinetic profiles that require extended dosing to achieve therapeutic tissue concentrations. To improve chloroquine therapy, researchers have turned toward nanomedicine reformulation of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to increase exposure of target tissues relative to off-target tissues, thereby improving the therapeutic index.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells which is rising in incidence in the developed world. Plasma cells are mature antibody-producing B cells which reside in the bone marrow and are essential for maintaining humoral immunity. Multiple myeloma is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells resulting in the production of monoclonal antibody and end-organ damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ubiquilin Networking in Cancers
Ubiquilins or UBQLNs, members of the ubiquitin-like and ubiquitin-associated domain (UBL-UBA) protein family, serve as adaptors to coordinate the degradation of specific substrates via both proteasome and autophagy pathways. The UBQLN substrates reveal great diversity and impact a wide range of cellular functions. For decades, researchers have been attempting to uncover a puzzle and understand the role of UBQLNs in human cancers, particularly in the modulation of oncogene’s stability and nucleotide excision repair.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas start to divide uncontrollably and form a mass. There are different types of cancer cells based on their origin, for example, carcinoma (cancer of epithelial cells), sarcoma (cancer of mesenchymal cells in blood vessels, muscles, and other tissues), myeloma/leukemia/lymphoma (blood cell-related cancer), and adenocarcinoma (cancer of mucus-producing glandular cells).
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
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