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Topic Review
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Ti6Al4V by LPBF
Ti6Al4V alloy is an ideal lightweight structural metal for a huge variety of engineering applications due to its distinguishing combination of high specific mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) provides very different mechanical properties from that of casting or wrought Ti6Al4V. The inherent specificities of the LPBF process, as the layer-by-layer building strategy; the powder feedstock; the melting phenomena and thermal gradients, define the mechanical properties, once they will dictate the microstructural features (e.g. grain size, crystal growth direction, residual porosity and defects, among other). 
  • 3.5K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Zero-Waste Manufacturing
At first glance, zero waste (ZW) means complete and total elimination or absence of waste. However, much more than that, ZW entails waste prevention and where all materials are reused. It is a philosophy that forbids sending any unused material to landfills, dumpsites, or incinerators.
  • 3.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Models for Predicting Material Durability and Service Lifetime
Substantial gains and savings of resources of time and money can be gained through the use of modelling and simulation to understand material system performance. Since for development of the new materials validation is expensive and time-consuming, the bottleneck is time and funding—modelling might be the way to replace testing programs, which would be beneficial for providing new innovative materials faster to the market.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
High-Temperature Materials in Ammonia/Hydrogen Gas Turbines
This entry reviews the critical role of material selection and design in ensuring efficient performance and safe operation of gas turbine engines fuelled by ammonia–hydrogen. As these energy fuels present unique combustion characteristics in turbine combustors, the identification of suitable materials becomes imperative. Detailed material characterisation is indispensable for discerning defects and degradation routes in turbine components, thereby illuminating avenues for improvement. With elevated turbine inlet temperatures, there is an augmented susceptibility to thermal degradation and mechanical shortcomings, especially in the high-pressure turbine blade—a critical life-determining component.
  • 3.2K
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Acoustic Metamaterials for Architectural and Urban Noise Mitigations
Owing to a steep rise in urban population, there has been a continuous growth in construction of buildings, public or private transport like cars, motorbikes, trains, and planes at a global level. Hence, urban noise has become a major issue affecting the health and quality of human life. In the current environmental scenario, architectural acoustics has been directed towards controlling and manipulating sound waves at a desired level. Structural engineers and designers are moving towards green technologies, which may help improve the overall comfort level of residents. A variety of conventional sound absorbing materials are being used to reduce noise, but attenuation of low-frequency noise still remains a challenge. Recently, acoustic metamaterials that enable low-frequency sound manipulation, mitigation, and control have been widely used for architectural acoustics and traffic noise mitigation. 
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Determination of KISCC by The Circumferential Notch Tensile
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a vexing problem for load-bearing equipment operating in a corrosive environment in various industries, such as aerospace, chemical and mineral processing, civil structures, bioimplants, energy generation etc. For safe operation, effective maintenance and life prediction of such equipment, reliable design data on SCC (such as threshold stress intensity for SCC, i.e., KISCC) are invaluable. Generating reliable KISCC data invariably requires a large number of tests. Traditional techniques can be prohibitively expensive. Circumfrential notch tensile testing is a relatively recent, much simpler and cost-effective approach to generating accurate and reliable KISCC data.
  • 3.2K
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Graphene in Strain Sensing Applications
Strain sensors, otherwise known as strain gauges, are fueled by various nanomaterials, among which graphene has attracted great interest in recent years, due to its unique electro-mechanical characteristics. Graphene shows not only exceptional physical properties but also has remarkable mechanical properties, such as piezoresistivity, which makes it a perfect candidate for strain sensing applications. 
  • 3.1K
  • 04 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Atlas of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Oceanic Applications
Piezoelectric energy harvesters provide many different application scenarios by having flexibility in their structures, coupling modes, sizes and so on.
  • 3.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Archimedes Screw Turbines
Archimedes Screws Turbines (ASTs) are a new form of generators for small hydroelectric powerplants that could be applied even in low head sites. ASTs offer a clean and renewable source of energy. They are safer for wildlife and especially fish. The low rotation speed of ASTs reduces negative impacts on aquatic life and fish. Considering the flexibility and advantages of ASTs, they offer economic, social, and environmental advantages to support sustainable development to: - Increase the number of suitable sites and maximize power generation.- Retrofit old dams or upgrade current dams or mills to make them economically (power generation) and environmentally (renewable energy) reasonable.- Reduce the hydroelectricity major operational and/or maintenance costs.- Reduce the disturbance of natural erosion and sedimentation processes.- Make hydropower generation safer for aquatic wildlife, especially for fish.- Generate electricity for small communities, developing countries, and regions with limited access to the power grid or other infrastructures, or regions that are hard to access or connect to the power grid.  
  • 3.0K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Continuum Robots for Medical Applications
Traditional rigid robot application in the medical field is limited due to the limited degrees of freedom caused by their material and structure. Inspired by trunk, tentacles, and snakes, continuum robot (CR) could traverse confined space, manipulate objects in complex environment, and conform to curvilinear paths in space. The continuum robot has broad prospect in surgery due to its high dexterity, which can reach circuitous areas of the body and perform precision surgery. Recently, many efforts have been done by researchers to improve the design and actuation methods of continuum robots. Several continuum robots have been applied in clinic surgical interventions and demonstrated superiorities to conventional rigid-link robots.
  • 3.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Mechanical Design and Optimization
Machine learning, by definition, refers to the development of knowledge by computers using input data. Mechanical engineering is a strong area for this technology. Older machine builders have gained significant knowledge through several case studies and efficient workflows. This creates the opportunity to approach new projects, to be able to either use their technical knowledge with familiar elements that have already been discovered or use their experience to learn and adapt to new challenges. Newcomers to the field learn in this way and gather their effectiveness and knowledge; when it comes to learning, engineering is one of the areas where much of the learning takes place at work. How well it pays depends on the ability to collect and process information.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Metal Matrix Composite
Composites are generally categorized into three main categories based on the matrix substance. They are called metal matrix composite (MMC), polymer matrix composite (PMC), and ceramic matrix composite (CMC), respectively. MMC gives more elevated ductile properties than CMCs and better environmental stability than PMCs. Additionally, MMCs offer good thermal conductivity (from 220 to 580 W·m−1·K−1), wear resistance (0.01025), wear rate (g·m−1), erosion, and shear strength.
  • 3.0K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Classification of Lattice Structure
A lattice structure is made by a unit cell that is repeated in the space, making a larger functional structure; thus, it is a peculiar kind of cellular structure. The basic idea of cellular structures evolved from natural organic structures such as bamboo, bone, cork, etc. According to the literature, in many applications, lattice structures have been found to be superior to their other cellular counterparts, such as foam and honeycomb structures.
  • 3.0K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Mechanical Hybrid Hydrogen Compression
Non-mechanical hybrid hydrogen compressors consists of a first electrochemical compression stage followed by a second one based on the adsorption-desorption of hydrogen on microporous materials. They allow compressing hydrogen up to 70 MPa. Non-mechanical hybrid hydrogen compressors can be a valid alternative to the mechanical compressors. 
  • 3.0K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Analysis of Point Machines and Monitoring Systems
Point machines are the actuators for railway switching and crossing systems that guide trains from one track to another. Hence, the safe and reliable behavior of point machines are pivotal for rail transportation. Scholars and researchers have attempted to deploy various kinds of sensors on point machines for anomaly detection and/or incipient fault detection using date-driven algorithms. However, challenges arise when deploying condition monitoring and fault detection to trackside point machines in practical applications. 
  • 2.9K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MEMS Actuators for Fiber-Optic Endoscopes
Endoscopes are used routinely in modern medicine for in-vivo imaging of luminal organs. Technical advances in the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and optical fields have enabled the further miniaturization of endoscopes, resulting in the ability to image previously inaccessible small-caliber luminal organs, enabling the early detection of lesions and other abnormalities in these tissues. A large number of optical devices have been researched and developed for imaging purposes. Among these, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy (CM), and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are the predominant ones. The size of an endoscope is highly dependent on the actuation and scanning method used to illuminate the target image area. Different actuation methods used in the design of small-sized cantilever-based endoscopes are reviewed in here along with their working principles, advantages and disadvantages, generated scanning patterns, and applications.
  • 2.9K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Gearbox Technologies for Tidal Energy Harvesting
Gearboxes are widely used in automobile, aerospace, energy, and process industries and are considered indispensable. Tidal flows always have very low speeds that rarely exceed 5 m/s. Lower tidal speeds result in lower turbine rotation speeds. Therefore, if conventional generators are used to produce electricity, gearboxes are necessary to achieve higher rotor speeds. 
  • 2.9K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Control Strategy for High Speed On/off Valves
Digital hydraulic technology is considered to be a potential solution to replace traditional hydraulic servo control technology in the “Industry 4.0” era. Digital valves mainly consist of incremental digital valves and high speed on/off valves (HSV), of which the former have been abandoned by academia and industry due to its low-frequency and tendency to become out-of-step. 
  • 2.9K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Self-Driving Cars
Self-driving cars are a hot research topic in science and technology, which has a great influence on social and economic development. Deep learning is one of the current key areas in the field of artificial intelligence research. It has been widely applied in image processing, natural language understanding, and so on. In recent years, more and more deep learning-based solutions have been presented in the field of self-driving cars and have achieved outstanding results. This paper presents a review of recent research on theories and applications of deep learning for self-driving cars. This survey provides a detailed explanation of the developments of self-driving cars and summarizes the applications of deep learning methods in the field of self-driving cars. Then the main problems in self-driving cars and their solutions based on deep learning methods are analyzed, such as obstacle detection, scene recognition, lane detection, navigation and path planning. In addition, the details of some representative approaches for self-driving cars using deep learning methods are summarized. Finally, the future challenges in the applications of deep learning for self-driving cars are given out.
  • 2.9K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Biomimetic Propulsion for Underwater Vehicles
Biomimetics and bio-inspiration, distinct yet complementary, both derive insights from nature’s ingenuity in science and engineering. Biomimetics, specifically for underwater vehicles, studies and emulates the efficient shapes and behaviors of aquatic creatures like fishes, dolphins, and whales, leading to innovative underwater vehicle designs with enhanced speed, thrust, maneuverability, and reduced water drag.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Feb 2024
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