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Topic Review
Using Waste Plastics as Asphalt Modifier
The use of waste products in the production of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures has become widespread due to economic and environmental benefits. In particular, the use of recycled waste plastic in asphalt binders and mixtures is gaining more attention. Overall, the incorporation of plastic waste into asphalt mixtures can significantly improve high-temperature performance and has potential economic and environmental benefits. The performance of modified asphalt is highly dependent on multiple factors, such as waste sources, waste plastic dosages, blending conditions, and the pretreatment methods for waste plastic.
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Alkali-Activated Materials
Alkali-activated materials (AAM) have been introduced as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional binders with fewer environmental impacts. AAM reduce the need for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by substituting it with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and therefore, reducing the amount of subsequent carbon emissions. Alkali activation is a complex chemical process between the precursors (alumino-silicate materials) and their dissolution in the activators. The activator and the precursor are two essential components of AAMs. The first step towards the new generation binder is understanding the precursors, alkali activators, alkali activation solution, and alkali activation mechanism.
  • 2.8K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Underground Spaces
Underground spaces with varying thermal, ventilation, and lighting environments can face problems of comfort, health, and safety. High temperatures, high humidity, difficulty in flue gas emission, harmful microorganisms, radon, and physical and psychological problems are examples of issues.
  • 2.7K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Behavior Mapping and Its Application in Smart Social Spaces
Behavior mapping is the systematic observation of people using their environments. The Smart Social Spaces research project, recently completed in Sydney, Australia, is used as a vehicle to illustrate the usefulness of this method for understanding the relationships between people and public spaces in cities. Behavior mapping was the central method used to establish what impact the inclusion of smart technology and street furniture had on people’s use of two public spaces. Using this method, it is possible to record real-time patterns of people’s use of public space, enabling local authorities to better support the social use of public space and the management of its infrastructure.
  • 2.7K
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Titanium in Civil Engineering
Titanium has exceptional durability, very high specific strength, a thermal expansion coefficient similar to construction materials, low weight density, and its cost has drastically decreased over the last decades. One of the main requirements in conservation engineering is the durability of the retrofit materials and the reversibility of interventions, and a possible interesting solution is the use of titanium alloys coupled with inorganic matrices made of low-cement or lime mortars. Titanium has recently been used to reinforce important masonry and archeological monuments, but little is known about this. Its use is increasing in conservation engineering without adequate knowledge of its characteristics, grades, and properties.
  • 2.7K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Recycled Concrete Aggregates Applications in Asphalt Paving
The sustainability of road pavements is highly influenced by the proper selection of the materials used in the production and construction. The material circularity principle aims to completely or partially replace traditional aggregates and fillers with wastes or by-products. Adapting asphalt mixtures to incorporate waste materials reduces the consumption of naturally mined materials, minimizing the carbon footprint and pavement industry’s impact on the environment. Furthermore, the use of waste materials minimizes landfill volumes and limits the disposal of waste produced from various sources. Thus, this document discusses the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) as alternative aggregates for application in asphalt paving.
  • 2.7K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Carbonation and Its Mechanisms in Reinforced Concrete Structures
Reinforced concrete (RC) has been commonly used as a construction material for decades due to its high compressive strength and moderate tensile strength. However, these two properties of RC are frequently hampered by degradation. The main degradation processes in RC structures are carbonation and the corrosion of rebars. The scientific community is divided regarding the process by which carbonation causes structural damage. Some researchers suggest that carbonation weakens a structure and makes it prone to rebar corrosion, while others suggest that carbonation does not damage structures enough to cause rebar corrosion.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Quality in Construction
Achieving a high level of quality in a residential building, characterized by the highest level of performance features, is crucial for the client and all participants in the investment process. The identification of negative factors that occur in the investment process, and the assessment of their impact on the quality of the facility, provide important knowledge that gives the basis for controlling the course of the process.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Use of RAP Materials for Pavement Construction
RAP is suitable for re-construction or re-surfacing roads. RAP contains well-graded fine aggregates covered with asphalt cement and must be properly crushed and categorised. The four most frequently used processes for recycling RAP conserve natural resources and make pavement construction sustainable.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Electrochromic Windows in Buildings
Electrochromic systems for smart windows make it possible to enhance energy efficiency in the construction sector. The dynamic modulation of the spectral properties of a glazing, within the visible and infrared ranges of wavelengths, allows smart adaptation of thermal and optical figures of merit of a glazing, according to the everchanging conditions of the external environment. This allows appropriate control of the daylighting penetration within the building. The consequent advantages are manifold and are still being explored in the scientific literature. The reduction in energy consumption for summer air conditioning (and artificial lighting, too) becomes significant, especially in “cooling dominated” climates, reaching high percentages of saving, compared to common transparent windows; on the other hand, the continuous adaptation of the optical properties of the glass to the changing external conditions makes it possible to set suitable management strategies for the smart window, event in cold climates, in order to reduce glare and other discomfort issues. 
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Seismic Design Response Factors
Despite the recent initiatives and developments in building design provisions using performance-based design, practicing engineers frequently adopt force-based design approaches, irrespective of the structural system or building irregularity. Modern seismic building codes adopt the concept of simplifying the complex nonlinear response of a structure under seismic loading to an equivalent linear response through elastic analytical procedures using seismic design response factors. Nevertheless, code-recommended seismic design response factors may not result in a cost-effective design with a uniform margin of safety for different structural systems. 
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Coal Bottom Ash
Coal bottom ash (CBA) is physically similar to natural aggregates and resembles Portland cement (PC) when pulverized into finer particles.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Duplex Steels
Welded structures made of duplex steels are used in building applications due to their resistance to local corrosion attack initiated by chlorides. In this entry, the material and technological factors determining the corrosion resistance of such steels are discussed in detail. 
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Development of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a form of cementitious composite that has been the most innovative product in concrete technology. Ultra-high-performance concrete has been broadly employed for the design of numerous forms of construction owing to its excellent mechanical characteristics and durability. 
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Water Mist Systems
Water mist systems have been proven to perform in many applications, such as enclosed compartments; open air; and large, well-ventilated spaces.
  • 2.5K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel
The use of stainless steel components, particularly in new constructions, has experienced a huge increase in recent times. Stainless steel is now widely used for both non-structural applications and as ribbed reinforcement bars for concrete, members (beams, columns, ties, etc.) in trusses, bridges and buildings. Similar to structural carbon steel, stainless steel elements can be hot rolled and fabricated or cold rolled formed. 
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Framework of Smart Water System
Throughout the past years, governments, industries, and researchers have shown increasing interest in incorporating smart techniques, including sensor monitoring, real-time data transmitting, and real-time controlling into urban water systems. However, the design and construction of such a smart water system are still not quite standardized for practical applications due to the lack of consensus on the framework. The major challenge impeding the wide application of the smart water network is the unavailability of a systematic framework to guide real-world design and deployment. A new and comprehensive smart water framework, including definition and architecture, was proposed in this article. Two conceptual metrics (smartness and cyber wellness) were defined to evaluate the performance of smart water systems. This work calls for broader collaborations in the community of researchers, engineers, and industrial and governmental sectors to promote smart water applications for addressing the increasing water quantity and quality challenges.
  • 2.4K
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Green Production from BSFL
The purpose of this entry is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and protein contents vary with the rearing conditions as well as the downstream processing employed. The homogenous, heterogenous and microbial-treated substrates via fermentation are used to rear BSFL and are compared in this review for the simultaneous production of larval protein and biodiesel. Moreover, the best moisture content and the aeration rate of larval feeding substrates are also reported in this review to enhance the growth of BSFL. As the downstream process after harvesting starts with larval inactivation, various related methods have also been reviewed in relation to its impact on the quality/quantity of larval protein and lipids. Subsequently, the other downstream processes, namely, extraction and transesterification to biodiesel, are finally epitomized from the literature to provide a comprehensive review for the production of unconventional protein and lipid sources from BSFL feedstock. Incontrovertibly, the review accentuates the great potential use of BSFL biomass as a green source of protein and lipids for energy production in the form of biodiesel. The traditional protein and energy sources, preponderantly fishmeal, are unsustainable naturally, pressingly calling for immediate substitutions to cater for the rising demands. Accordingly, this review stresses the benefits of using BSFL biomass in detailing its production from upstream all the way to downstream processes which are green and economical at the same time.
  • 2.4K
  • 09 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Colloidal Silica and Geotechnical Properties of Liquefiable Soils
Colloidal silica (CS) is a kind of nanomaterial used in soil/rock grouting techniques in different branches of civil engineering. CS grout is chemically and biologically inert and, when injected into a subsoil, it can form a silica gel and stabilize the desired soil layer, thus representing an attractive, environmentally friendly alternative to standard chemical grouting techniques.
  • 2.4K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CFD Modelling of Slurry Flows
Slurry pipe transport has directed the efforts of researchers for decades, not only for the practical impact of this problem, but also for the challenges in understanding and modelling the complex phenomena involved. The increase in computer power and the diffusion of multipurpose codes based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have opened up the opportunity to gather information on slurry pipe flows at the local level, in contrast with the traditional approaches of simplified theoretical modelling which are mainly based on a macroscopic description of the flow. 
  • 2.4K
  • 15 Sep 2021
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