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Topic Review
Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Bone Regeneration Therapy
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a process of combining live osteoblast progenitors with a biocompatible scaffold to produce a biological substitute that can integrate into host bone tissue and recover its function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most researched post-natal stem cells because they have self-renewal properties and a multi-differentiation capacity that can give rise to various cell lineages, including osteoblasts. BTE technology utilizes a combination of MSCs and biodegradable scaffold material, which provides a suitable environment for functional bone recovery and has been developed as a therapeutic approach to bone regeneration.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cross-Reactivity of Fruit Allergens
Most of the allergenic proteins from fruits identified belong to different families of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These PR proteins have been classified in different families of structurally and functionally unrelated proteins, but the majority of all fruit allergens belong to three groups, in particular PR-5 thaumatin-like proteins (TLP), PR-10 Bet v 1-like proteins, and PR-14 non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsTLP). The cross-reactivities between fruit allergens and homologous proteins from other vegetable, seed, and pollen sources account for different food-pollen syndromes. The allergens responsible for these food-pollen syndromes essentially consist of the pan-allergens nsLTPs, profilins, GRPs, β-1,3-glucanases, but also the seed storage proteins.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis
Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and the autoimmune inflammation of the gastric mucosa are recognized as the leading etiological factors of chronic atrophic gastritis, a disease associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer development. Additionally, in relation to HP-associated gastritis, there is international and national consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of infection; however, with regard to autoimmune inflammation, clinicians have faced diagnostic difficulties. At the same time, autoimmune inflammation of the gastric mucosa, in addition to the formation of atrophy and an increase in the risk of stomach cancer, carries additional risks, both in relation to neoplasms (neuroendocrine tumors) and in relation to the deficiency of a number of micronutrients with the involvement of other organs and systems.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Gut Microbiome in Cow’s Milk Allergy
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is the most prevalent food allergy (FA) in infancy and early childhood and can be present with various clinical phenotypes. The significant increase in FA rates recorded has been associated with environmental and lifestyle changes that limit microbial exposure in early life and induce changes in gut microbiome composition. Gut microbiome is a diverse community of microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and perform beneficial functions for the host. This complex ecosystem interacts with the immune system and has a pivotal role in the development of oral tolerance to food antigens. Emerging evidence indicates that alterations of the gut microbiome (dysbiosis) in early life cause immune dysregulation and render the host susceptible to immune-mediated diseases later in life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Contact Dermatitis of the Vulva
The vulvar area is a common site of contact dermatitis due to the thin skin, easily traversable by irritant and allergic substances. The nonkeratinized vulvar vestibule is likely to be more permeable than the keratinized portions of the vulva and thus more susceptible to exogenous topical agents. The vulva is an area of occlusion due to both its intrinsic anatomical structure and the frequent use of occlusive napkins or underwear, which increase penetration or absorption of both irritants and allergens. Furthermore, women at different ages, due to urine and feces as children and to vaginal mucosal atrophy and the increase in the vulvar pH in menopause, may have an altered barrier function and, in incontinent elderly subjects, the use of diapers may contribute to increased susceptibility to irritants and allergens.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Development, Phenotypes, and Functional Characteristics of Eosinophil Lineage
The existence of eosinophils was documented histopathologically in the first half of the 19th century. However, the term “eosinophils” was first used by Paul Ehrlich in 1878. Since their discovery and description, their existence has been associated with asthma, allergies, and antihelminthic immunity. Eosinophils may also be responsible for various possible tissue pathologies in many eosinophil-associated diseases. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)/AHR-nuclear translocator (ARNT) system is a sensitive sensor for small molecular, xenobiotic chemicals of exogenous and endogenous origin, including dioxins, phytochemicals, microbial bioproducts, and tryptophan photoproducts. AHR/ARNT are abundantly expressed in the skin. Once activated, the AHR/ARNT axis strengthens skin barrier functions and accelerates epidermal terminal differentiation by upregulating filaggrin expression. In addition, AHR activation induces oxidative stress. However, some AHR ligands simultaneously activate the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NRF2) transcription factor, which is a master switch of antioxidative enzymes that neutralizes oxidative stress. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sex, Asthma and Exercise
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. It is estimated that about 90% of patients with underlying asthma (a sexually dimorphic disease) experience EIB; however, sex differences in EIB have not been studied extensively. With the goal of better understanding the prevalence of EIB in males and females, and because atopy has been reported to occur at higher rates in athletes, in this study, we investigated sex differences in EIB and atopy in athletes. A systematic literature review identified 60 studies evaluating EIB and/or atopy in post-pubertal adult athletes (n = 7501). Collectively, these studies reported: (1) a 23% prevalence of EIB in athletes; (2) a higher prevalence of atopy in male vs. female athletes; (3) a higher prevalence of atopy in athletes with EIB; (4) a significantly higher rate of atopic EIB in male vs. female athletes. Our analysis indicates that the physiological changes that occur during exercise may differentially affect male and female athletes, and suggest an interaction between male sex, exercise, and atopic status in the course of EIB. Understanding these sex differences is important to provide personalized management plans to athletes with underlying asthma and/or atopy.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that preferably affects small joints. As the well-timed diagnosis of the disease is essential for the treatment of the patient, several works have been conducted in the field of deep learning to develop fast and accurate automatic methods for RA diagnosis.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes
In vitro maturation (IVM) of transvaginally aspirated immature oocytes is an effective and safe assisted reproductive treatment for predicted or high responder patients. Currently, immature oocytes are also being collected from the contralateral ovary during laparoscopy/laparotomy and even ex vivo from the excised ovary or the spent media during ovarian tissue preparation prior to ovarian cortex cryopreservation. The first live births from in vitro-matured ovarian tissue oocytes (OTO-IVM) were reported after monophasic OTO-IVM, showing the ability to achieve mature OTO-IVM oocytes. However, fertilisations rates and further embryological developmental capacity appeared impaired. The introduction of a biphasic IVM, also called capacitation (CAPA)-IVM, has been a significant improvement of the oocytes maturation protocol. However, evidence on OTO-IVM is still scarce and validation of the first results is of utmost importance to confirm reproducibility, including the follow-up of OTO-IVM children. Differences between IVM and OTO-IVM should be well understood to provide realistic expectations to patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is a collection of symptoms in the shoulder and upper extremity area that results in pain, numbness, and tingling. Identification of thoracic outlet syndrome is complex and a thorough clinical examination in addition to appropriate clinical testing can result in diagnosis. Practitioners must consider the pathology of thoracic outlet syndrome in their differential diagnosis for shoulder and upper extremity pain symptoms so that patients are directed appropriately to timely interventions. Patients with a definitive etiology who have failed conservative management are ideal candidates for surgical correction. This manuscript will discuss thoracic outlet syndrome, occurrence, physical presentation, clinical implications, and diagnosis and management.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Virucidal Activity of Different Mouthwashes
This entry describes the effect of mouthwash on the stability of the viral envelope and its ability to reduce the viral load.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy's Pharmacogenomics in Children with Cancer
Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) is a debilitating side-effect of vincristine. It remains a challenge to predict which patients will suffer from VIPN. Pharmacogenomics may explain an individuals’ susceptibility to side-effects. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome Composition in Patients with Chronic Urticaria
Chronic urticaria (CU), whether spontaneous or inducible, is characterized by recurrent episodes of pruritic wheals, with or without associated angioedema persisting longer than 6 weeks.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant malignancy worldwide, being the fourth most common cause of mortality and morbidity. The CRC incidence in adolescents, young adults, and adult populations is increasing every year. In the pathogenesis of CRC, various factors are involved including diet, sedentary life, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, gut microbiota, diabetes, and genetic mutations. The CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) involves the complex cooperation between tumoral cells with stroma, immune, and endothelial cells. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
ROS in the Pathogenesis of CHF Development
With respect to structural and functional cardiac disorders, heart failure (HF) is divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Oxidative stress contributes to the development of both HFrEF and HFpEF. Identification of a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced pathways in preclinical models has provided new insights about the importance of ROS in HFrEF and HFpEF development. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized allergic-mediated disease with eosinophil-predominant esophagus inflammation. Its pathogenesis is a complicated network of interactions and signaling between epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells on molecular and intercellular levels.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thiamine in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Because therapeutic hypothermia and thiamine may both act on the latent period of HIE damage, a synergistic effect of these therapeutic strategies is likely. Thiamine treatment may be especially important in mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and in areas of the world where there is limited access to expensive hypothermia equipment.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Roles/Mechanisms of Adipokines in Development of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic indicators that increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Visceral obesity and factors derived from altered adipose tissue, adipokines, play critical roles in the development of metabolic syndrome. Although the adipokines leptin and adiponectin improve insulin sensitivity, others contribute to the development of glucose intolerance, including visfatin, fetuin-A, resistin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Leptin and adiponectin increase fatty acid oxidation, prevent foam cell formation, and improve lipid metabolism, while visfatin, fetuin-A, PAI-1, and resistin have pro-atherogenic properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tocotrienol in Pre-Eclampsia Prevention
The pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia involves two major pathways, namely systemic oxidative stress and subsequent generalised inflammatory response, which eventually culminates in endothelial cell injury and the syndrome of pre-eclampsia with multi-organ dysfunction. Aspirin has been used to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia, but it only possesses anti-inflammatory properties without any antioxidant effect. Hence, it can only partially alleviate the problem. Tocotrienols are a unique form of vitamin E with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can be exploited as a preventive agent for pre-eclampsia. Many preclinical models showed that tocotrienol can also prevent hypertension and ischaemic/reperfusion injury, which are the two main features in pre-eclampsia.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2022
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