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Topic Review
Angiotensin II
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western and developing world, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing with the longer lifespan afforded by our modern lifestyle.  Vascular diseases including coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke comprise the majority of cardiovascular disease and therefore represent a significant medical and socioeconomic burden on our society.  It is not be surprising that these conditions overlap and potentiate each other when we consider the many cellular and molecular similarities between them. At the molecular level, the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) is the target, integrator, and effector cell of both atherogenic and the major effector protein of the hypertensive signal, Angiotensin II (Ang II).  Together, these signals can potentiate each other and prime the artery and exacerbate hypertension and atherosclerosis. Therefore, VSMC are the fulcrum in progression of these diseases and therefore, understanding the effects of atherogenic stimuli and Ang II on VSMC is  key to understanding and treating  atherosclerosis and hypertension.  In this review, we will examine studies in which hypertension and atherosclerosis intersect on the VSMC, and illustrate common pathways between these two diseases and vascular aging.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Circadian Clock
Most living organisms in both the plant and animal kingdoms have evolved processes to stay in tune with the alternation of day and night, and to optimize their physiology as a function of light supply. In mammals, a circadian clock relying on feedback loops between key transcription factors will thus control the temporally regulated pattern of expression of most genes. Modern ways of life have highly altered the synchronization of human activities with their circadian clocks. The circadian clock orchestrates most physiological events in living organisms and its deregulation in association with modern ways of life correlates with the rise of multiple pathologies in humans. 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sphingolipids and DNA Damage Response
Sphingolipids are essential structural components of biological membranes that mediate a wide array of physiological functions such as inflammation, cell proliferation, survival, senescence, and death. An emerging body of evidence suggests that bioactive sphingolipids modulate the DNA damage response (DDR) induced by genotoxic stress and therein determine cell fate.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Clinical nutrition management of sarcopenia/T2DM utilizing amino acids
Sarcopenia develops over time as a result of aging, and typically leads to muscle loss, a concurrent increase in fat mass, and a variety of health issues leading to an overall poor quality of life. There is some evidence that sarcopenia may be a contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the elderly, and therefore nutritional management is key in the prevention of both sarcopenia and T2DM. The primary focus of nutritional management lays in the amount and quality of protein intake, which has led to the development of clinical nutritional therapies involving amino acids to improve muscle protein synthesis and decrease sarcopenia symptoms. In the work herein, we present and evaluate data derived from human trials regarding the utilization of hydroxyl-methyl butyrate (HMB), L-leucine (Leu), L-glutamine (Gln) and L-arginine (Arg) supplementation for optimal management of sarcopenia in geriatric patients, a topic of significant clinical nutrition interest which may have important implications in T2DM management.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Inappropriate Secretion of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
The term “inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone; IST” was proposed by Gershengorn and Weintraub in 1975. In a subsequent report, IST was described as a condition characterized by elevated serum levels of immunoreactive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the presence of elevated free thyroid hormone concentrations. Similarly, the term "syndrome of IST (SITSH)" is widely used in Japan to refer to a closely related condition; however, unlike that for IST, an elevated serum free triiodothyronine concentration is not a requisite criterion for SITSH diagnosis. IST or SITSH is an important indicator of resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ) caused by germline mutations in genes encoding thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Adipocytokines Produced by Adipose Tissue
The alterations of adipocyte-derived signal mediators strongly influence the regulation of inflammation, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome and Lipid Metabolism
Lipids are the major structural constituents of cell membranes.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Iron Deficiency in Celiac Disease
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most recognized type of anemia in patients with celiac disease (CD) and may be present in over half of patients at the time of diagnosis. Folate and vitamin B12 malabsorption, nutritional deficiencies, inflammation, blood loss, development of refractory CD, and concomitant Heliobacter pylori infection are other causes of anemia in such patients. The decision to replenish iron stores and the route of administration (oral or intravenous) are controversial due, in part, to questions surrounding the optimal formulation and route of administration.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Ketone Bodies and SIRT1
Ketone bodies (KBs) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) have received increasing attention over the past two decades given their pivotal function in a variety of biological contexts, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, inflammation, metabolism, neurological and cardiovascular physiology, and cancer. As a consequence, the modulation of KBs and SIRT1 is considered a promising therapeutic option for many diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Probiotics on Glucose Metabolism and Homeostasis
The maintenance of a healthy status depends on the coexistence between the host organism and the microbiota. Early studies have already focused on the nutritional properties of probiotics, which may also contribute to the structural changes in the gut microbiota, thereby affecting host metabolism and homeostasis. Maintaining homeostasis in the body is therefore crucial and is reflected at all levels, including that of glucose, a simple sugar molecule that is an essential fuel for normal cellular function. Despite numerous clinical studies that have shown the effect of various probiotics on glucose and its homeostasis, knowledge about the exact function of their mechanism is still scarce. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Respiratory Infections
Obesity has become a major metabolic disorder due to a combination of genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Energy balance in the body is sustained by regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Excessive calorie consumption and/or inadequate energy expenditure result in the accumulation of excess body fat, which eventually leads to an obese phenotype. Obesity has long been linked to increased susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Studies have shown that Body Mass Index (BMI) is linked to worse outcomes and increased severity of respiratory tract infections, such as non-allergic rhinitis and influenza-like illness. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, obesity also became a significant risk factor for severe illness and higher mortality.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide in Different Cancer Types
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived, ubiquitous signaling molecule that affects numerous critical functions in the body. There are markedly conflicting findings in the literature regarding the bimodal effects of NO in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has important consequences for treatment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Phytoestrogens Definition and Origin
Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially relevant to their predators. As such, phytoestrogens can be considered to be substances potentially dedicated to plant–predator interaction.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Steroidogenesis, Oxidative Stress and Male Hypogonadism
Steroid sex hormones are classified as androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. Although all three classes are important in male and female physiology, androgens are associated with "musculisation" effects and are considered primarily male sex hormones. Androgens have diverse functions in muscle physiology, lean body mass, the regulation of adipose tissue, bone density, neurocognitive regulation, and spermatogenesis, male reproductive and sexual function.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Astaxanthin as a Novel Mitochondrial Regulator
Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family that is found abundantly in marine organisms. It has been reported that astaxanthin functions both as a pigment, and as an antioxidant with superior free radical quenching capacity.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
White Fat Browning Associate with Obesity
Obesity is negatively associated with the increase in social productivity and endangers people’s health. It is caused by the excessive energy consumption as well as the collection and an excessive level of triglycerides and lipids, which are stored in adipocytes.  Studying the signal transduction pathways of the white fat browning might provide novel ideas for the treatment of obesity and alleviation of obesity-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Beans and Pulses
Dietary pulses, including dry beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dry peas, have the highest proportion of fiber among different legume cultivars and are inexpensive, easily accessible, and have a long shelf-life. The inclusion of pulses in regular dietary patterns is an easy and effective solution for achieving recommended fiber intake and maintaining a healthier gut and overall health. Dietary pulses-derived resistant starch (RS) is a relatively less explored prebiotic ingredient. Several in vitro and preclinical studies have elucidated the crucial role of RS in fostering and shaping the gut microbiota composition towards homeostasis thereby improving host metabolic health. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Male Fertility
Diet has an impact on male reproductive potential, but few studies have focused on the specific impact of food groups or dietary patterns on fertility. Male reproductive health, as indicated by improved semen parameters and increased chances of conceiving, is associated with the Mediterranean diet, while the Western diet is considered a risk factor for male infertility.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the deadliest among women worldwide. Estrogen signaling is closely associated with hormone-dependent breast cancer (estrogen and progesterone receptor positive), which accounts for two-thirds of tumors.  Approximately 70% of patients have hormone-dependent breast cancer with tumor cells, called luminal A and B, expressing the estrogen receptor (ER). In these tumors, estrogens are the principal signals that play a major role in tumor cell growth and progression. The cellular action of estrogens is primarily mediated by the nuclear ERα, ERβ and the membrane G protein-coupled ER (GPER, called also GPR30). The ERα, being considered to be the receptor most involved in the development of breast cancer, constitutes therefore a pivotal target for breast cancer therapy.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
This article details the critical roles that insulin-like growth factor-1 and its receptor insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (GFR1) play in maintaining bone homeostasis and how exposure of bone cells to microgravity affects the function of these growth factors. 
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Jul 2020
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