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Topic Review
Uncontrolled Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is recognized as a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of clinical features, resulting in significant morbidity and cost to the healthcare system. The phenotypic classification is determined by the presence or absence of nasal polyps and comorbidities, the endotype classification has been established based on molecular biomarkers or specific mechanisms.
  • 356
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
POU3F4-Linked Hearing Loss
X-linked deafness (DFNX) is estimated to account for up to 2% of cases of hereditary hearing loss and occurs in both syndromic and non-syndromic forms. POU3F4 is the gene most commonly associated with X-linked deafness (DFNX2, DFN3) and accounts for about 50% of the cases of X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss. 
  • 334
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is considered the second most frequent malignant salivary gland neoplasm and exhibits a controversial and poorly understood biological behavior, characterized by slow and indolent growth. SACC typically arises from the submandibular gland and minor salivary glands, while its occurrence in the parotid gland is relatively rare. SACC has an incidence rate of approximately 4.5 cases per million individuals and constitutes 10% of all salivary gland tumors (SGTs). This type of cancer exhibits three distinct histological growth patterns, namely cribriform, tubular, and solid patterns. Among these patterns, the solid pattern represents the most aggressive form of SACC with an increased risk of metastasis, resulting in shorter disease-specific survival.
  • 332
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Anterior Skull Base Reconstruction Using the Nasoseptal Flap
The nasoseptal flap (NSF) has become a workhorse reconstructive option in the endonasal repair of anterior skull base defects. The flap is pedicled on the posterior septal nasal artery, which branches off the sphenopalatine artery and courses along the posterior nasal cavity and inferior sphenoid face. Due to its versatile nature and customizability, the NSF can be utilized for a range of different defects extending from the frontal recess to the low clivus in the sagittal plane. 
  • 328
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antibiotics and Steroids on Nasal Microbiomein CRS Patients
The nasal microbiome represents the main environmental factor of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antibiotics and steroids constitute the mainstay of CRS therapies. 
  • 327
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Different Methods of Administering Medication to Olfactory Cleft
Olfactory dysfunction affects approximately 20% of the population globally, with incidence increasing over the age of 60. The pathophysiology is complex, not yet fully understood, and depends on many factors, including the underlying cause. Despite this, the present literature on olfaction is limited due to significant heterogeneity in methodological approaches. This has resulted in limited effective treatments available for olfactory dysfunction. Medications for olfactory dysfunction can be administered locally (directly to the olfactory epithelium) or systemically (orally or intravenously). There are various methods for local drug delivery to the olfactory epithelium (nasal drops, nasal sprays, atomisers, pressured meter-dosed inhalers, rinses, and exhalation delivery systems).
  • 326
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 321
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles produced by most cell types into the extracellular space and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The role of EVs in various disease etiologies has been further studied and understood, most notably in the areas of cancer, infectious diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their rapidly emerging significance and interest, limited reports have investigated the role of EVs in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). EVs have the potential to serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers which can be collected non-invasively and as a possible method of delivering therapeutics to target cells and organs.
  • 320
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Use of Immune Regulation in HNSCC
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new treatment modality for head and neck cancer, offering the potential for targeted and effective cancer management. Squamous cell carcinomas pose significant challenges due to their aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy often have limited success rates and can have significant side effects. Immunotherapy harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and thus represents a novel approach with the potential to improve patient outcomes. In the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), important contributions are made by immunotherapies, including adaptive cell therapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • 308
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Current Therapies for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus
Chronic subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source for longer than six months, may be a greatly debilitating condition for some people, and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities and high healthcare costs.
  • 301
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and MetS in SSHL
Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL.
  • 301
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sinonasal Orbital Apex Syndrome
Rhinosinusitis (RS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses with a clinical picture of anterior or posterior nasal discharge, congestion, olfactory dysfunction, and facial pain or pressure. It must be confirmed with endoscopic or radiological signs of inflammation. By its duration, it is classified into acute (i.e., duration <4 weeks), subacute (4–12 weeks), and chronic RS (>12 weeks). Moreover, RS can be named according to the inflamed paranasal sinus, e.g., sphenoiditis in sphenoid sinus inflammation. RS significantly affects the patient’s quality of life due to the significant impact on personal development, sleep hygiene, mental health, physical condition, self-perception, and family relationships.
  • 298
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) requires hospital-based, overnight level I polysomnography (PSG). Obtaining a level I PSG can be challenging for children and their caregivers due to the costs, barriers to access, and associated discomfort. Less burdensome methods that approximate pediatric PSG data are needed.
  • 293
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. 
  • 291
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Temporal Bone Mass Lesions
Tumoral lesions of the temporal bone include benign or malignant tumors and congenital or inflammatory lesions. Temporal bone lesions are difficult to approach. Therefore, making a preoperative diagnosis and considering whether the lesions require treatment are necessary; if they require treatment, then the type of treatment requires consideration. These tumors cannot be observed directly and must be diagnosed based on symptoms and imaging findings.
  • 286
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of Human Stem Cells
Genetic sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere disease have been associated with rare variations in the coding and non-coding region of the human genome. Most of these variants were classified as likely pathogenic or variants of unknown significance and require functional validation in cellular or animal models. Given the difficulties to obtain human samples and the raising concerns about animal experimentation, human-induced pluripotent stem cells emerged as cellular models to investigate the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inner ear disorders. The generation of human sensory epithelia and neuron-like cells carrying the variants of interest may facilitate a better understanding of their role during differentiation.
  • 268
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Frontal Recess Cell Variation and Frontal Sinusitis Development
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can have a significant impact on quality of life. With persistent symptoms and the failure of initial medical treatments, surgical management is indicated. Despite the excellent results of endoscopic sinus surgery for persistent CRS, it is quite a challenging procedure for frontal sinusitis given the complex anatomy and location of the frontal sinus. Frontal recess cells significantly contribute to the complexity of the frontal sinus, and numerous studies have sought to establish their association with sinusitis.
  • 258
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Skull Vibration-Induced Nystagmus in Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
The third window syndrome, often associated with the Tullio phenomenon, is most often observed in patients with a superior semicircular-canal dehiscence (SCD) but is not specific to this pathology. Clinical and vestibular tests suggestive of this pathology are not always concomitantly observed and have been complemented by the skull-vibration-induced nystagmus test, which constitutes a bone-conducted Tullio phenomenon (BCTP).
  • 258
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Airways Type-2 Related Disorders
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has recently undergone a significant paradigm shift, moving from a phenotypical classification towards an “endotype-based” definition that places more emphasis on clinical and therapeutic aspects. Similar to other airway diseases, like asthma, most cases of CRS in developed countries exhibit a dysregulated type-2 immune response and related cytokines. Consequently, the traditional distinction between upper and lower airways has been replaced by a “united airway” perspective. Additionally, type-2 related disorders extend beyond respiratory boundaries, encompassing conditions beyond the airways, such as atopic dermatitis. This necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Moreover, consideration of possible systemic implications is crucial, particularly in relation to sleep-related breathing diseases like Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) and the alteration of systemic inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide. The trends in epidemiological, economic, and social burden are progressively increasing worldwide, indicating syndemic characteristics.
  • 249
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation in the Operational Environment
The vestibular system, comprised of the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and eighth cranial nerves in the peripheral system, and the brainstem, brain, and cerebellum in the central system, is essential for gaze and postural stability. It allows service members to keep their eyes fixed on a target while their head is moving, and additionally contributes to the maintenance of balance. Evaluation of the vestibular system requires a systematic assessment of the visual, vestibular, and balance systems; technology can aid in this assessment. While technology can assist physical and occupational therapists in performing vestibular assessment and rehabilitation, not all such technologies are conducive to delivery of healthcare in an operational environment. In this context, the environment is characterized by the presence of extreme conditions and constrained resource availability.
  • 212
  • 05 Mar 2024
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