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Topic Review
Microenvironmental and histological changes in Recurrent Laryngeal Carcinoma
Laryngeal cancer is a relatively common neoplasm of head and neck, whose management hinges on a combination of treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Tumor recurrences may present important differences from the primary tumor that largely depend on previous treatments. The immune system plays a crucial role in the natural course of the disease, owing the capability to influence its behavior through a complex interaction of mechanisms. For this reason, the use of immunotherapy in addition to standard therapies is increasingly gaining importance nowadays and the selection of patients who can benefit the most from this treatment can help optimizing its success. However, conventional treatments can induce relevant changes in the host immune response, thus affecting tumor progression and patient outcome. This fact should be taken into account when planning immune-based treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 660
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotics and Steroids on Nasal Microbiomein CRS Patients
The nasal microbiome represents the main environmental factor of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Antibiotics and steroids constitute the mainstay of CRS therapies. 
  • 658
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Approaches for Epstein–Barr Virus
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of many diseases including infectious mononucleosis (IM), and it is associated with different subtypes of lymphoma, sarcoma and carcinoma such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric carcinoma. With the advent of improved laboratory tests for EBV, a timelier and accurate diagnosis could be made to aid better prognosis and effective treatment. For histopathological lesions, the in situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in biopsy tissues remains the gold standard for detecting EBV.
  • 654
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Uncontrolled Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is recognized as a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of clinical features, resulting in significant morbidity and cost to the healthcare system. The phenotypic classification is determined by the presence or absence of nasal polyps and comorbidities, the endotype classification has been established based on molecular biomarkers or specific mechanisms.
  • 634
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. 
  • 630
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Current Therapies for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus
Chronic subjective tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source for longer than six months, may be a greatly debilitating condition for some people, and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities and high healthcare costs.
  • 620
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Options in Early Stage of Oropharyngeal Cancer
The traditional primary treatment modality of oropharyngeal carcinomasquamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) at early stages is intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS) has offered as an alternative, less invasive surgical option. Patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive OPSCC have distinct staging with better overall survival in comparison with HPV-negative OPSCC patients. The head–neck surgeon has to know the role of TORS in HPV-positive and -negative OPSCC and the ongoing trials that will influence its future implementation. The feasibility of this treatment, the outcomes ensured, and the side effects are key factors to consider for each patient. 
  • 607
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Adherence to Intranasal Steroids in CRSwNP
Adherence to treatment is essential in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are the first-line therapy, followed by systemic corticosteroids and surgery if needed. In cases of refractory disease, biologics are added to conventional treatment, making adherence to INCS crucial in assessing eligibility for these targeted therapies.
  • 605
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
POU3F4-Linked Hearing Loss
X-linked deafness (DFNX) is estimated to account for up to 2% of cases of hereditary hearing loss and occurs in both syndromic and non-syndromic forms. POU3F4 is the gene most commonly associated with X-linked deafness (DFNX2, DFN3) and accounts for about 50% of the cases of X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss. 
  • 596
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 588
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Temporal Bone Mass Lesions
Tumoral lesions of the temporal bone include benign or malignant tumors and congenital or inflammatory lesions. Temporal bone lesions are difficult to approach. Therefore, making a preoperative diagnosis and considering whether the lesions require treatment are necessary; if they require treatment, then the type of treatment requires consideration. These tumors cannot be observed directly and must be diagnosed based on symptoms and imaging findings.
  • 564
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles produced by most cell types into the extracellular space and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The role of EVs in various disease etiologies has been further studied and understood, most notably in the areas of cancer, infectious diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their rapidly emerging significance and interest, limited reports have investigated the role of EVs in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT). EVs have the potential to serve as novel diagnostic biomarkers which can be collected non-invasively and as a possible method of delivering therapeutics to target cells and organs.
  • 563
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Use of Immune Regulation in HNSCC
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new treatment modality for head and neck cancer, offering the potential for targeted and effective cancer management. Squamous cell carcinomas pose significant challenges due to their aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy often have limited success rates and can have significant side effects. Immunotherapy harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and thus represents a novel approach with the potential to improve patient outcomes. In the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), important contributions are made by immunotherapies, including adaptive cell therapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • 553
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sinonasal Orbital Apex Syndrome
Rhinosinusitis (RS) is an inflammatory disease of the nose and paranasal sinuses with a clinical picture of anterior or posterior nasal discharge, congestion, olfactory dysfunction, and facial pain or pressure. It must be confirmed with endoscopic or radiological signs of inflammation. By its duration, it is classified into acute (i.e., duration <4 weeks), subacute (4–12 weeks), and chronic RS (>12 weeks). Moreover, RS can be named according to the inflamed paranasal sinus, e.g., sphenoiditis in sphenoid sinus inflammation. RS significantly affects the patient’s quality of life due to the significant impact on personal development, sleep hygiene, mental health, physical condition, self-perception, and family relationships.
  • 539
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) requires hospital-based, overnight level I polysomnography (PSG). Obtaining a level I PSG can be challenging for children and their caregivers due to the costs, barriers to access, and associated discomfort. Less burdensome methods that approximate pediatric PSG data are needed.
  • 537
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Application of Human Stem Cells
Genetic sensorineural hearing loss and Meniere disease have been associated with rare variations in the coding and non-coding region of the human genome. Most of these variants were classified as likely pathogenic or variants of unknown significance and require functional validation in cellular or animal models. Given the difficulties to obtain human samples and the raising concerns about animal experimentation, human-induced pluripotent stem cells emerged as cellular models to investigate the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of inner ear disorders. The generation of human sensory epithelia and neuron-like cells carrying the variants of interest may facilitate a better understanding of their role during differentiation.
  • 504
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and MetS in SSHL
Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL.
  • 498
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Frontal Recess Cell Variation and Frontal Sinusitis Development
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can have a significant impact on quality of life. With persistent symptoms and the failure of initial medical treatments, surgical management is indicated. Despite the excellent results of endoscopic sinus surgery for persistent CRS, it is quite a challenging procedure for frontal sinusitis given the complex anatomy and location of the frontal sinus. Frontal recess cells significantly contribute to the complexity of the frontal sinus, and numerous studies have sought to establish their association with sinusitis.
  • 496
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation in the Operational Environment
The vestibular system, comprised of the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and eighth cranial nerves in the peripheral system, and the brainstem, brain, and cerebellum in the central system, is essential for gaze and postural stability. It allows service members to keep their eyes fixed on a target while their head is moving, and additionally contributes to the maintenance of balance. Evaluation of the vestibular system requires a systematic assessment of the visual, vestibular, and balance systems; technology can aid in this assessment. While technology can assist physical and occupational therapists in performing vestibular assessment and rehabilitation, not all such technologies are conducive to delivery of healthcare in an operational environment. In this context, the environment is characterized by the presence of extreme conditions and constrained resource availability.
  • 491
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
DL Techniques and Imaging in Head and Neck
Deep learning (DL) systems utilize complex algorithms and neural networks featuring numerous intricate layers in order to make decisions and solve advanced problems. Their application in medicine, and specifically in otorhinolaryngology has increased rapidly. The head and neck region is among the most common locations for cancer, with a substantial occurrence of lymph node involvement and metastases observed in both nearby and distant regions. 
  • 487
  • 21 Nov 2023
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