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Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Lysosomal Function
Nanomaterials serve as carriers for transporting conventional drugs or proteins through lysosomes to various cellular targets. The basic function of lysosomes is to trigger degradation of proteins and lipids. Understanding of lysosomal functions is essential for enhancing the efficacy of nanoparticles-mediated therapy and reducing the malfunctions of cellular metabolism. The lysosomal function is modulated by the movement of ions through various ion channels. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Transport
Zinc is a micronutrient involved in many fundamental roles that are vital for routine bodily functions. A tight control of its concentration, however, is necessary to ensure balance inside the cells. Zinc transporters are thus essential to maintain cellular homeostasis.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cell Biology and Immune Functions of the MSC
The acronym mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) refers either to: Mesenchymal Stem Cell, a term popularized by Caplan in the 1990s and broadly used after that, or Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell, which is the terminology promoted by Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society of Cell Therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subset of non-hematopoietic stem cells found at low frequency, mainly located around vessels (hence also named pericytes) in resting conditions but with high proliferation and multilineage differentiation capacities to orchestrate tissue repair mechanisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Biomechanics
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of global death in developing countries. More than 80% of cardiovascular disease-associated mortality is attributable to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. During the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) continuously shift from a contractile state towards other phenotypes that differ substantially from differentiated SMCs.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Retina Regeneration
The retina is a complex and fragile photosensitive part of the central nervous system which is prone to degenerative diseases leading to permanent vision loss. Retina regeneration refers to the restoration of vision by replacement of the degenerating cells in the retina.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Temporary Implants (Magnesium/Zinc) in Cardiovascular Applications
Medical application materials must meet multiple requirements, and the designed material must mimic the structure, shape. and support the formation of the replacing tissue. Magnesium (Mg) and Zinc alloys (Zn), as a “smart” biodegradable material and as “the green engineering material in the 21st century”, have become an outstanding implant material due to their natural degradability, smart biocompatibility, and desirable mechanical properties. Magnesium and Zinc are recognized as the next generation of cardiovascular stents and bioresorbable scaffolds. At the same time, improving the properties and corrosion resistance of these alloys is an urgent challenge. particularly to promote the application of magnesium alloys. A relatively fast deterioration rate of magnesium-based materials generally results in premature mechanical integrity compromise and local hydrogen build-up, resulting in restricted applicability. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biological and Physiological Role of Oxidative Stress
Antioxidants are a class of molecules with an innate affinity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been associated with a wide range of diseases mediated by physiological damage to the cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
HUWE1
HUWE1 is postulated as a therapeutic response modulator, affecting the collision between platinum-DNA adducts and the replication fork, the primary cytotoxic action of platins. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Aging on the Ovarian Extracellular Matrix
Advances in medical care, improvements in sanitation, and rising living standards contribute to increased life expectancy. Although this reflects positive human development, it also poses new challenges. Among these, reproductive aging is gradually becoming a key health issue because the age of menopause has remained constant at ~50 years, leading women to live longer in suboptimal endocrine conditions. An adequate understanding of ovarian senescence mechanisms is essential to prevent age-related diseases and to promote wellbeing, health, and longevity in women. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Glasses in Periodontal Regeneration
Bioactive glasses (BGs) were discovered by Larry L. Hench in 1969; the original composition, named Bioglass® 45S5 (45S5 from here on), displayed outstanding properties such as bone regeneration capabilities and antibacterial activity. In fact, such BG is an amorphous and biocompatible silica oxide-based inorganic material able to induce surface property responses resulting in the formation of a bond between the bone and the glass itself. In general, the surface of BGs, when soaked in physiological fluids, undergoes a complex ion exchange mechanism with the medium, inducing the formation of precipitates and subsequently hydroxyapatite deposition. This mechanism could explain the effectiveness of these BGs to bind to bones and the wide number of studies on BGs as supporting materials for bone tissue engineering and tooth remineralization.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan as an Underrated Polymer in Tissue Engineering
Chitosan is one of the most well-known and characterized materials applied in tissue engineering. Due to its unique chemical, biological and physical properties chitosan is frequently used as the main component in a variety of biomaterials such as membranes, scaffolds, drug carriers, hydrogels and, lastly, as a component of bio-ink dedicated to medical applications. Chitosan’s chemical structure and presence of active chemical groups allow for modification for tailoring material to meet specific requirements according to intended use such as adequate endurance, mechanical properties or biodegradability time.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Autonomy in Stem Cell-Derived Embryoids
The experimental production of complex structures resembling mammalian embryos (e.g., blastoids, gastruloids) from pluripotent stem cells in vitro has become a booming research field. Since some of these embryoid models appear to reach a degree of complexity that may come close to viability, a broad discussion has set in with the aim to arrive at a consensus on the ethical implications with regard to acceptability of the use of this technology with human cells. The present text focuses on developmental autonomy of embryoids which is an aspect of great ethical relevance and must receive increased attention during the preparation of new legal regulations, but which has not been included yet in the recently issued ISSCR Guidelines.  
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tendon and Ligament Repair with MSC-EVs
Tendon and ligament injury poses an increasingly large burden to society. With surgical repair and grafting susceptible to high failure rates, tissue engineering provides novel avenues for treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vascularization in Bone Tissue Engineering
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and its development, maturation, remodeling, and regeneration are dependent on a tight regulation of blood vessel supply. This condition also has to be taken into consideration in the context of the development of artificial tissue substitutes. In classic tissue engineering, bone-forming cells such as primary osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells are introduced into suitable scaffolds and implanted in order to treat critical-size bone defects.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aptamer-Mediated Precision Therapy for Hematologic Malignancy
Hematologic malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, myeloproliferative disorder and plasma cell neoplasia, are genetically heterogeneous and characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of their corresponding cell lineages in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, tissues or plasma. Although there are many types of therapeutic drugs available for the treatment of different malignancies, the relapse, drug resistance and severe side effects due to the lack of selectivity seriously limit their clinical application. Aptamers are ssDNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can also precisely deliver therapeutic agents into cancer cells through specifically recognizing the membrane protein on cancer cells, which is similar to the capabilities of monoclonal antibodies. Aptamers exhibit higher binding affinity, lower immunogenicity and higher thermal stability than antibodies.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electron beam modification (EBM)
Vacuum cathodic arc TiN coatings with overlaying TiO2 film were deposited on polished and surface roughened by electron beam modification (EBM) Ti6Al4V alloy. The substrate microtopography consisted of long grooves formed by the liner scan of the electron beam with appropriate frequencies (500 (AR500) and 850 (AR850) Hz). EBM transformed the α + β Ti6Al4V mixed structure into a single α’-martensite phase. Тhe gradient TiN/TiO2 films deposited on mechanically polished (AR) and EBM (AR500 and AR850) alloys share the same surface chemistry and composition (almost stoichiometric TiN, anatase and rutile in different ratios) but exhibit different topographies (Sa equal to approximately 0.62, 1.73, and 1.08 μm, respectively) over areas of 50 × 50 μm. Although the nanohardness of the coatings on AR500 and AR850 alloy (approximately 10.45 and 9.02 GPa, respectively) was lower than that measured on the film deposited on AR alloy (about 13.05 GPa), the hybrid surface treatment offered improvement in critical adhesive loads, coefficient of friction, and wear-resistance of the surface. In phosphate buffer saline, all coated samples showed low corrosion potentials and passivation current densities, confirming their good corrosion protection. The coated EBM samples cultured with human osteoblast-like MG63 cells demonstrated increased cell attachment, viability, and bone mineralization activity especially for the AR500-coated alloy, compared to uncoated polished alloy. The results underline the synergetic effect between the sub-micron structure and composition of TiN/TiO2 coating and microarchitecture obtained by EBM. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Therapies for Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy affecting many different body tissues, predominantly skeletal and cardiac muscles and the central nervous system. The expansion of CTG repeats in the DM1 protein-kinase (DMPK) gene is the genetic cause of the disease. The pathogenetic mechanisms are mainly mediated by the production of a toxic expanded CUG transcript from the DMPK gene. With the availability of new knowledge, disease models, and technical tools, much progress has been made in the discovery of altered pathways and in the potential of therapeutic intervention, making the path to the clinic a closer reality. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
MatriGrid® Based Biological Morphologies
A continuously rising number of literature sources claiming the similarities of 3D cell culturing to in vivo data shows the self-depicting importance of mimicking the three-dimensional microenvironment for cell culture. The MatriGrid®s, tools and techniques for the construction of a family of polycarbonate substrate scaffolds. These scaffolds are suitable not only for cell culturing but also for the manipulation and evolution of embroid bodies, for mimicking stem cell niches, or for control of the behavior of tissue slices. Some of these scaffold-based approaches use polymeric scaffolds for shaping the evolving oligocellular agglomerates. Scaffold-based approaches allow us not only to define the shape of the agglomerates but also to control biophysical and mechanical properties such as stiffness, shear stress, and nutritious flow if integrated into lab-on-a-chip devices or bioreactors.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Melanoma Modeling
Melanoma is a cancer with very poor survival rates, although its treatment has been revolutionized by targeted therapy and immunotherapy. It is a complex disease and here the melanoma complexity has been pointed out  as well as the active role of the tumor microenvironment in melanoma progression and its ability to escape to drug treatment. The recent efforts addressed to the development of ex-vivo micro-tissue models able to recapitulate the live conditions of melanoma cells in human patients have been outlined. In particular, the existing ex-vivo melanoma models are reported into the cover picture and include: two-dimensional cell growth in adherent cell culture in a plastic culture dish (a); multicellular melanoma spheroids (b); 3D Skin reconstruct (c); 3D organotypic melanoma spheroids skin model (d); Skin-on-chip (e); ex-vivo tissue slice (f). Further, the use of ex-vivo models as a novel approach for the researcher to investigate the mechanisms underlying tumor biology and immunotherapeutic resistance in metastatic melanoma has been discussed, as well as their high potential for the development of personalized medicine in melanoma treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting for Cancer Modeling and Personalized Medicine
Tumor cells evolve in a complex and heterogeneous environment composed of different cell types and an extracellular matrix. Current 2D culture methods are very limited in their ability to mimic the cancer cell environment. Various 3D models of cancer cells have been developed, notably in the form of spheroids/organoids, using scaffold or cancer-on-chip devices. However, these models have the disadvantage of not being able to precisely control the organization of multiple cell types in complex architecture and are sometimes not very reproducible in their production, and this is especially true for spheroids. Three-dimensional bioprinting can produce complex, multi-cellular, and reproducible constructs in which the matrix composition and rigidity can be adapted locally or globally to the tumor model studied. For these reasons, 3D bioprinting seems to be the technique of choice to mimic the tumor microenvironment in vivo as closely as possible. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Apr 2022
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