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Topic Review
Unfollow Everything
Facebook (and parent company Meta Platforms) has been the subject of criticism and legal action. Criticisms include the outsize influence Facebook has on the lives and health of its users and employees, as well as Facebook's influence on the way media, specifically news, is reported and distributed. Notable issues include Internet privacy, such as use of a widespread "like" button on third-party websites tracking users, possible indefinite records of user information, automatic facial recognition software, and its role in the workplace, including employer-employee account disclosure. The use of Facebook can have negative psychological effects that include feelings of sexual jealousy, stress, lack of attention, and social media addiction that in some cases is comparable to drug addiction. Facebook's operations have also received coverage. The company's electricity usage, tax avoidance, real-name user requirement policies, censorship policies, handling of user data, and its involvement in the United States PRISM surveillance program and Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal have been highlighted by the media and by critics. Facebook has come under scrutiny for 'ignoring' or shirking its responsibility for the content posted on its platform, including copyright and intellectual property infringement, hate speech, incitement of rape, violence against minorities, terrorism, fake news, Facebook murder, crimes, and violent incidents live-streamed through its Facebook Live functionality. The company and its employees have also been subject to litigation cases over the years, with its most prominent case concerning allegations that CEO Mark Zuckerberg broke an oral contract with Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra to build the then-named "HarvardConnection" social network in 2004, instead allegedly opting to steal the idea and code to launch Facebook months before HarvardConnection began. The original lawsuit was eventually settled in 2009, with Facebook paying approximately $20 million in cash and 1.25 million shares. A new lawsuit in 2011 was dismissed. Some critics point to problems which they say will result in the demise of Facebook. Facebook has been banned by several governments for various reasons, including Syria, China, Iran and Russia.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the trophoblast during pregnancy as well as by both trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic tumors. 
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Economic Innovation Caused by Digital Transformation
Different drivers trigger economic innovation in different times. Digital economic innovation results in changes in the industrial structure and helps productivity improvement and cost reduction in the production sector. The impact of economic innovation on technology and society spheres interacts with economic innovation. 
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
9–12% Cr Heat-Resistant Martensitic Steels
As a promising alloying approach, the modification of chemical composition by increasing the B content and decreasing the N content has been applied to improve the creep resistance of various 9–12% Cr heat-resistant martensitic steels. The 9–12% Cr steels have to exhibit high long-term creep strength, oxidation resistance in a high temperature steam, low cycle fatigue resistance, impact toughness, etc. The creep resistance is the main critical requirement: the minimum long-term creep rupture strength on the base of 100,000 h should be 100 MPa or higher at 650 °C. 
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Platinum and Palladium Solvent Extraction of Spent Catalysts
The strategic importance of platinum and palladium, two platinum-group metals (PGMs), is particularly supported by their technological applications, one of the most relevant being the role they perform as catalysts for several sorts of chemical reactions.
  • 2.6K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
New Frontiers in Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics
Cancer remains one of the most pressing challenges in modern medicine, but recent advancements are revolutionizing both therapeutic and diagnostic landscapes. This exploration of new frontiers in cancer therapy and diagnostics highlights a diverse array of innovative strategies that target the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis while enhancing early detection and personalized care. Cutting-edge therapies, such as small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, specifically target oncogene-driven pathways, offering selective toxicity over traditional chemotherapy. Immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, radioimmunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, activate the immune system to combat malignancies, showing remarkable efficacy in oncogene-addicted cancers and hematological malignancies. Emerging approaches like cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses further amplify immune responses, while liquid biopsy transforms diagnostics by analyzing circulating tumor markers for early detection, treatment monitoring, and resistance profiling. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning amplify these advances, refining diagnosis through image analysis, predicting oncogenic mutations, and guiding personalized treatment plans. Together, these breakthroughs—including targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and technology-driven diagnostics—represent a major progress in oncology, though challenges like drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and accessibility persist. This summary highlights the promise and complexity of these new frontiers, paving the way for more effective, tailored cancer management.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Swabs
Swabs are used to collect body fluid samples for testing in the forensic and clinical settings. However, swabs made of different materials and are differently shaped may impact the DNA that can be recovered from the body fluids absorbed by the swabs. Recovering a higher quantity of DNA can be important for DNA typing and obtaining a full profile, especially in low template samples. In this study, swabs made of cotton, paper and foam materials from various commercial suppliers were evaluated to determine which swab released the highest quantity of DNA from a fifty-microliter sample of blood applied to the swab. DNA extraction was performed using the phenol chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method and human DNA was quantified using a quantitative real-time PCR assay using the Plexor HY human quantification kit. Overall, Puritan cotton-tipped swabs performed best in this study.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain in Life Cycle Assessment
Blockchain is a technology that is increasingly used in the modern world. Its creator is Satoshi Nakamoto, who in 2008 used this technology in cryptocurrencies.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Citrus Breeding 2.0 in Japan
Developing varieties with diverse features that satisfy varied commercial needs, improving overall fruit quality, and quickly releasing them, are prerequisites in citrus breeding. However, these three goals require trade-offs in conventional breeding, even with the application of the marker-assisted selection technique. Conventional breeding cannot achieve these three goals simultaneously and it has been regarded as a breeding trilemma. Integrating a genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) approach that relies on quantitative trait locus detection by genome-wide association study and genome-wide prediction of a trait by genomic selection using enriched marker genotypes enhances breeding efficiency and contributes to eliminating the trilemma. Besides these efforts, the analysis of the genealogy of indigenous citrus varieties revealed that many high-quality indigenous varieties were selected within a few generations. It suggested that selecting a new premium quality hybrid is possible by integrating it with the GAB technique and helps avoid the trilemma. Researchers describe an ongoing comprehensive approach for integrating genomic-assisted breeding (GAB) with citrus genealogy on citrus breeding, called Citrus Breeding 2.0. This method can develop new cultivars with premium quality in a short period.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Anchoring
Anchoring or focalism is a cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered (considered to be the "anchor") when making decisions. Anchoring occurs when, during decision making, an individual depends on an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Those objects near the anchor tend to be assimilated toward it and those further away tend to be displaced in the other direction. Once the value of this anchor is set, all future negotiations, arguments, estimates, etc. are discussed in relation to the anchor. This bias occurs when interpreting future information using this anchor. For example, the initial price offered for a used car, set either before or at the start of negotiations, sets an arbitrary focal point for all following discussions. Prices discussed in negotiations that are lower than the anchor may seem reasonable, perhaps even cheap to the buyer, even if said prices are still relatively higher than the actual market value of the car. The original description of the anchoring effect came from psychophysics. When judging stimuli along a continuum, it was noticed that the first and last stimuli were used to compare the other stimuli (this is also referred to as "end anchoring". This was applied to attitudes by Sherif et al. in 1958 in their article "Assimilation and contrast effects of anchoring stimuli on judgments".
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Buddhism and Theosophy
Theosophical teachings have borrowed some concepts and terms from Buddhism. Some theosophists like Helena Blavatsky, Helena Roerich and Henry Steel Olcott also became Buddhists. Henry Steel Olcott helped shape the design of the Buddhist flag. Tibetan Buddhism was popularised in the West at first mainly by Theosophists including Evans-Wentz and Alexandra David-Neel. Blavatsky sometimes compared Theosophy to Mahayana Buddhism. In The Key to Theosophy she writes:
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas-Based Detection
Rapid, accurate, and portable on-site detection is critical in the face of public health emergencies. Infectious disease control and public health emergency policymaking can both be aided by effective and trustworthy point of care tests (POCT). A very promising POCT method appears to be the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-based molecular diagnosis. For on-site detection, CRISPR/Cas-based detection can be combined with multiple signal sensing methods and integrated into smart devices.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bioherbicides: Tool for Weed Management
Weed management is an arduous undertaking in crop production. Integrated weed management, inclusive of the application of bioherbicides, is an emerging weed control strategy toward sustainable agriculture. In general, bioherbicides are derived either from plants containing phytotoxic allelochemicals or certain disease-carrying microbes that can suppress weed populations.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Common Features between DNA and Centrosome Cycle
In animal cells, the centrosome is a membrane-less organelle consisting of two interconnected centrioles, pericentriolar materials (PCM) and some additional structures. DNA replication and centrosome duplication during a cell cycle must share common regulations.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
GeneCards
GeneCards is a database of human genes that provides genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, genetic and functional information on all known and predicted human genes. It is being developed and maintained by the Crown Human Genome Center at the Weizmann Institute of Science. The database aims at providing a quick overview of the current available biomedical information about the searched gene, including the human genes, the encoded proteins, and the relevant diseases. The GeneCards database provides access to free Web resources about more than 7000 all known human genes that integrated from >90 data resources, such as HGNC, Ensembl, and NCBI. The core gene list is based on approved gene symbols published by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC). The information is carefully gathered and selected from these databases by its engine. If the search does not return any results, this database will give several suggestions to help users accomplish their search depending on the type of query and offer direct links to other databases’ search engine. Over time, the GeneCards database has developed a suite of tools (GeneDecks, GeneLoc, GeneALaCart) that has more specialised capability. Since 1998, the GeneCards database has been widely used by bioinformatics, genomics and medical communities for more than 15 years.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is marked by dampened cardiac contractility. A mild therapeutic target that improves contractile function without desensitizing the β-Adregenric system during HF may improve cardiac contractility and potentially survival. Inhibiting PKCα activity may fit the criteria of the therapeutic target with milder systemic effects that still boosts contractility in HF patients. PKCα activity has been observed to increase during HF. This increase in PKCα activity is perplexing because it is also accompanied by the up-regulation of a molecular braking mechanism.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Water Quality and Life Expectancy
Since ancient times, the need for healthy water has resulted in the development of various kinds of water supply systems. From early history, civilizations have developed water purification devices and treatment methods. The necessity for fresh water has influenced individual lives as well as communities and societies.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Extraction and Purification of Volatile Fatty Acids
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediary degradation products during anaerobic digestion (AD) that are subsequently converted to methanogenic substrates, such as hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). VFA recovered from the AAD fermentation can be further converted to sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. This text describes the latest developments in the extraction techniques of VFA from complex organic materials.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Source and Toxicity of Heavy Metal Ions
Urbanization and industrialization are responsible for environmental contamination in the air, water, and soil. These activities also generate large amounts of heavy metal ions in the environment, and these contaminants cause various types of health issues in humans and other animals.
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Dermatitis
Fungal infections are potentially zoonotic and represent challenging cases to accurately diagnose. The current study documents a rare case of Geotrichum candidum dermatomycosis in a horse, which caused chronic skin disease and significant morbidity, partly attributed to incorrect clinical management. 
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Oct 2020
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