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Topic Review
Ergogenic, Pre-, and Probiotic Supplementation in Sports
Exercise affects the gut microbiota and the intestinal environment. In general, a high level of physical activity is accompanied by an increase in gut microbiota diversity and health-promoting bacterial abundance (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila and Feacalibacterium prausnitzii). Regular exercise modulates the gut microbiota, but it was found that endurance training affects the intestinal microbiota in a specific way. Resistance exercise (especially in the eccentric phase of a given exercise) and sprints (especially during downhill running) are known to cause muscle damage. 
  • 258
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Iron and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Dietary iron assimilation is critical for health and essential to prevent iron-deficient states and related comorbidities, such as anemia. The bioavailability of iron is generally low, while its absorption and metabolism are tightly controlled to satisfy metabolic needs and prevent toxicity of excessive iron accumulation. Iron entry into the bloodstream is limited by hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin deficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in upstream gene regulators causes hereditary hemochromatosis, an endocrine disorder of iron overload characterized by chronic hyperabsorption of dietary iron, with deleterious clinical complications if untreated. Epidemiological data suggest that high intake of heme iron, which is abundant in meat products, poses a risk factor for several pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases.
  • 257
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Inherited Metabolic Disorders Requiring Diet Regimen
Many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), including disorders of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, are treated with a dietary reduction or exclusion of certain macronutrients, putting one at risk of a reduced intake of micronutrients.
  • 250
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions.
  • 246
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Algae-Derived Natural Products in Diabetes and Its Complications
Algae-derived natural products have emerged as promising candidates for the management of diabetes and its complications. The diverse chemical constituents and multifaceted pharmacological activities of algae make them attractive sources of bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties.
  • 244
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Agricultural Intensification on Mediterranean Diets
Mediterranean diets (MedDiets) are linked to substantial health benefits. However, there is also growing evidence that the intensification of food production over the last 60 years has resulted in nutritionally relevant changes in the composition of foods that may augment the health benefits of MedDiets. 
  • 244
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Low-FODMAP Diet, IBS, and BCFAs
Branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), the bacterial products of the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, are proposed as markers for colonic protein fermentation. IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by low-grade inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. The low-FODMAP diet (LFD) has increasingly been applied as first-line therapy for managing Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms, although it decreases the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), well known for their anti-inflammatory action. In parallel, high protein consumption increases BCFAs. Protein fermentation alters the colonic microbiome through nitrogenous metabolites production, known for their detrimental effects on the intestinal barrier promoting inflammation. 
  • 241
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome with Osteopontin
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare systems and economies of countries and is a major public health concern worldwide. MetS is mainly caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure; however, it is recognized that additional variables, such as chronic inflammation, may have the same predictive potential as insulin resistance or MetS components in the genesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. More importantly, the early diagnosis or treatment of MetS may significantly reduce the burden on the health systems of the disease with any prevention or biomarker and should not be underestimated. Osteopontin (OPN), also called secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a soluble protein found mostly in body fluids. Studies suggest that serum OPN levels may be an early and new biomarker to predict metabolic and cardiovascular complications significantly associated with some diseases.
  • 236
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Support for Osteoporosis Patients
Osteoporosis is a vital healthcare issue among elderly people. During the aging process, a gradual loss of bone mass results in osteopenia and osteoporosis. Heritable factors account for 60–80% of optimal bone mineralization, whereas modifiable factors such as nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, body mass, and hormonal milieu affect the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis in adulthood. Osteoporosis substantially increases the risk of skeletal fractures and further morbidity and mortality. The effective prevention of fractures by reducing the loss of bone mass is the primary goal for physicians treating people with osteoporosis. Other than pharmacologic agents, lifestyle adjustment, nutritional support, fall prevention strategies, exercise, and physical modalities can be used to treat osteoporosis or prevent further osteoporotic fracture.
  • 226
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 Axis in Sarcopenia
The high prevalence of sarcopenia in an aging population has an underestimated impact on quality of life by increasing the risk of falls and subsequent hospitalization. Unfortunately, the application of the major established key therapeutic—physical activity—is challenging in the immobile and injured sarcopenic patient. Consequently, novel therapeutic directions are needed. The transcription factor Forkhead-Box-Protein O3 (FOXO3) may be an option, as it and its targets have been observed to be more highly expressed in sarcopenic muscle.
  • 222
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Different Vitamin D Compounds in Adiposity
A large body of research shows an association between higher body weight and low vitamin D status, as assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D can be metabolised in adipose tissue and has been reported to influence gene expression and modulate inflammation and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro. However, the exact metabolism of vitamin D in adipose tissue is currently unknown. White adipose tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and hydroxylase enzymes, substantially involved in vitamin D metabolism and efficacy. The distribution and concentrations of the generated vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue, however, are largely unknown. Closing this knowledge gap could help to understand whether the different vitamin D compounds have specific health effects in the setting of adiposity. 
  • 222
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Natural Food Antioxidants against LDL Damage/Atherosclerosis
Radical oxygen species formed in human tissue cells by many endogenous and exogenous pathways cause extensive oxidative damage which has been linked to various human diseases.
  • 221
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Carbohydrate Counting, Mixed Meals, and Food Glycemic-Index Management
Achieving optimal glucose control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) continues to pose a significant challenge. While continuous insulin infusion systems have shown promise as an alternative to conventional insulin therapy, there remains a crucial need for greater awareness regarding the necessary adaptations for various special circumstances. Nutritional choices play an essential role in the efficacy of diabetes management and overall health status for patients with T1DM. Factors such as effective carbohydrate counting, assessment of the macronutrient composition of meals, and comprehending the concept of the glycemic index of foods are paramount in making informed pre-meal adjustments when utilizing insulin pumps.
  • 221
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Legumes and Health Sustainability
Legumes belong to the botanical family of Fabaceae (Leguminosae), and those which are consumed by humans are categorized into oilseed legumes (soybeans and peanuts) and non-oilseed legumes.
  • 221
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
CGRP Antagonism and Ketogenic Diet in Migraine Treatment
Migraine must not be confused with a simple headache; it is a serious and disabling disease that causes considerable limitations in the daily life of afflicted people, including social, work, and emotional effects. Therefore, it causes a daily state of suffering and discomfort. It is important to point out that this pathology not only has a decisive impact on the quality of life of those who suffer from it but also on their families and, more generally, on society as a whole. The clinical picture of migraine is complex, with debilitating unilateral or bilateral head pain, and is often associated with characteristic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Hormonal, environmental, psychological, dietary, or other factors can trigger it. 
  • 213
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dietary Patterns of Breast Cancer in Middle East
Breast cancer (BC) is the most predominant malignancy in Arab women in the Middle East. Most dietary patterns (DPs) such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, Plant-based and Paleolithic diets are identified to decrease the probability of BC by being rich sources of fiber, healthy fats, and vitamins and minerals. However, there are few DPs that increase the risk of BC, because of the existence of foods such as unhealthy fats, low fiber, sugars, and fried foods in those patterns which contribute to increasing the risk factors associated with BC.
  • 202
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Health Benefits of Herbs and Spices in MetS
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing global health problem. Evidence suggests that diets rich in phytochemical-containing herbs and spices can contribute to reducing the risk of chronic diseases. 
  • 201
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Interventions in at the Office
Workplace nutrition interventions have garnered attention as a pivotal component of employee well-being and organisational productivity. The narrative synthesis has demonstrated that behavioural and mixed (cognitive-behavioural) interventions are more effective rather than solely cognitive ones. Apart from the employees, employers also should be engaged into designing interventions as well. 
  • 201
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Nutrition on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hormonal imbalances and various metabolic abnormalities linked to insulin resistance via a vicious cycle. Genetic and environmental factors underlie its pathogenesis and evolution. Nutrition, in terms of nutrient composition, dietary patterns, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and food processing and preparation, has gained significant attention in the pathogenesis and therapeutic approach of polycystic ovary syndrome.
  • 196
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Non-Inflammatory Immune Competence in Acute Pediatric Malnutrition
The tolerance model rests on the thesis of a physiologically regulated, albeit unsustainable, systemic attempt to adapt to the catabolic challenge posed by acute prepubescent malnutrition even in its severe forms. The model centers on the immunological component of the attempt, positing reorientation toward a non-inflammatory form of competence in place of the classic paradigm of immunological attrition and exhaustion. The foundation of the model was laid in 1990, and sixteen years later it was articulated formally on the basis of a body of evidence centered on T cell cytokines and interventions with cytokine and hormonal mediators. The benefit originally suggested was a reduced risk of autoimmune pathologies consequent to the catabolic release of self-antigens, hence the designation highlighting immune tolerance. Herein, the emergence of the tolerance model is traced from its roots in the recognition that acute malnutrition elicits an endocrine-based systemic adaptive attempt. 
  • 181
  • 06 Dec 2023
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