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Topic Review
Breeding Wheat with Low Free Asparagine
Asparagine is an important plant metabolite, and since the discovery that it can be converted to acrylamide during the cooking and processing of food, there has been debate over how much its concentration could be reduced before effects were seen on other important traits. Breeding low-asparagine wheat could potentially be achieved in three main ways: directly, by using either existing or induced variation, or indirectly, through selection for related traits.
  • 948
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Endomembrane System and Abiotic Stress in Plants
The sustainable exploitation of agri-environmental systems focuses more and more on practices where crops and plant species are adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions. Recent studies have shown that increased stress tolerance is related to the reorganization of cell membranes that sometimes lead to major changes in the solutes’ homeostasis and water transfer. When under stress, protein trafficking in plants is compromised, usually leading to changes in the endomembrane system that may include protein transport through unconventional routes and alteration of morphology, activity and content of key organelles, as the ER and the vacuole. Such events provide the tools for cells to adapt and overcome the challenges brought on by stress.
  • 946
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Apiaceae Crop Breeding Strategies
The economic influence of a species is a pivotal force driving the development of new relevant knowledge. Indeed, the information available for economically relevant species is expected to be far more abundant than the data available for species of little interest. To this end, the present review aims to highlight both the lack and progress achieved in the genomics and transcriptomics of this family, with a particular emphasis on their applications for breeding purposes.
  • 944
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Radish Spontaneous Tumor
Spontaneous tumors can develop in different organs of various plant species without any pathogen infection and, as a rule, appear in plants with a certain genotype: Mutants, interspecific hybrids, etc. In particular, among the inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lines that form spontaneous tumors on the taproot during the flowering period were obtained many years ago. In this work, we analyzed the differential gene expression in the spontaneous tumors of radish versus the lateral roots using the RNA-seq method. Data were obtained indicating the increased expression of genes associated with cell division and growth (especially genes that regulate G2-M transition and cytokinesis) in the spontaneous tumor. Among genes downregulated in the tumor tissue, genes participating in the response to stress and wounding, mainly involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and glucosinolates, were enriched. Our data will help elucidate the mechanisms of spontaneous tumor development in higher plants.
  • 943
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Myzus persicae Sulzer
The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), a major and harmful chili aphid usually managed using chemical pesticides, is responsible for massive annual agricultural losses. The efficacy of two protein elicitors, PeaT1 and PeBC1, to stimulate a defensive response against M. persicae in chili was studied in this study.
  • 942
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Callicarpa americana MADS-Box Genes
The MADS-box gene family encodes a number of transcription factors that play key roles in various plant growth and development processes from response to environmental cues to cell differentiation and organ identity, especially the floral organogenesis, as in the prominent ABCDE model of flower development. Recently, the genome of American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) has been sequenced. It is a shrub native to the southern region of United States with edible purple-colored berries; it is a member of the Lamiaceae family, a family of medical and agricultural importance. Seventy-eight MADS-box genes were identified from 17 chromosomes of the C. americana assembled genome. Peptide sequences blast and analysis of phylogenetic relationships with MADS-box genes of Sesame indicum, Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Amborella trichopoda were performed. Genes were separated into 32 type I and 46 type II MADS-box genes. C. americana MADS-box genes were clustered into four groups: MIKCC, MIKC*, Mα-type, and Mγ-type, while the Mβ-type group was absent. Analysis of the gene structure revealed that from 1 to 15 exons exist in C. americana MADS-box genes. The number of exons in type II MADS-box genes (5–15) greatly exceeded the number in type I genes (1–9). The motif distribution analysis of the two types of MADS-box genes showed that type II MADS-box genes contained more motifs than type I genes. These results suggested that C. americana MADS-box genes type II had more complex structures and might have more diverse functions. The role of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in flower and fruit development was highlighted when the expression profile was analyzed in different organs transcriptomes. This study is the first genome-wide analysis of the C. americana MADS-box gene family, and the results will further support any functional and evolutionary studies of C. americana MADS-box genes and serve as a reference for related studies of other plants in the medically important Lamiaceae family.
  • 941
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antiviral Plants in Marajó Island
Viruses are a global threat and, in addition to health problems, cause serious social problems to humanity. Medicinal plants have been documented as a means of complementary treatments that are useful for a range of diseases. Among many islands around the world, the island of Marajó which is part of the Brazilian Amazon, is known to have several cultures formed by indigenous, quilombolas, and mestizo populations that make use of traditional knowledge of plants. The Amazon region also has a very wide plant diversity, being estimated to have from 25 to 30 thousand species of endemic plants, and some species are also associated with the treatment of diseases. In this sense, many plants from Marajó island are frequently used for the treatment of diseases, and could be a source of new specific bioactive compounds. 
  • 941
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Seedborne Viral Pathogens of Principal Leguminous Crops
Viruses are obligate, acellular agents that reproduce inside living cells, spread between tissues, and frequently cause diseases in plants. Among all plant viruses, about one-quarter are transmitted through seeds. Pulses have gained popularity due to their use as a source of protein in food and their favorable impact on soil fertility. Plant species belonging to Leguminosae are vulnerable to a range of seedborne disease, and since they are planted by direct sowing, they are among the plants in which the occurrence of these diseases is a real risk.
  • 941
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
ROS and Antioxidants in Halophytes
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are excited or partially reduced forms of atmospheric oxygen, which are continuously produced during aerobic metabolism like many physiochemical processes operating throughout seed life. Previously, it was believed that ROS are merely cytotoxic molecules, however, now it has been established that they perform numerous beneficial functions in plants including many critical roles in seed physiology. ROS facilitate seed germination via cell wall loosening, endosperm weakening, signaling, and decreasing abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Most of the existing knowledge about ROS homeostasis and functions is based on the seeds of common plants or model ones.
  • 936
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanobionics with Heavy Metals, Drought, and Salt Stress
Nanomaterials (NMs) are functionalized into plants to improve their natural processes, such as photosynthesis. In this instance, functional nanoparticles (NPs) play a more active role in the plant than nanofertilizers do in distributing macro- or micronutrients. Another goal of plant nanobionics is to make plants into gadgets such as light-emitting plants or environmental sensors. The plant is given a non-native functionality by the NMs introduced here. The basis of plant nanobionics is smart NMs that localise within tissue and even within organelles such as chloroplasts.
  • 934
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metal in Plants
Molecules that possess at least one atom of oxygen and have unpaired electrons are referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS). These contain singlet hydroxyl, oxygen, and hydroperoxyl radicals. ROS are formed due to the incomplete decomposition of molecular oxygen like hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical anion (O2−), and ozone (O3).
  • 931
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ochradenus arabicus and Maerua oblongifolia
Zincoxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the most produced and used nanomaterials worldwide, and in recent times these nanoparticles have also been incorporate in plant science and agricultural research. The present study was planned to synthesize ZnO NPs biologically using Ochradenus arabicus leaves and examine their effect on the morphology and physiology properties of Maerua oblongifolia cultured in vitro. ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrated hexagonal shape nanoparticles of size ranging from 10 to 50 nm. Thus, the study uncovered an efficient, eco-friendly and simple technique for biosynthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using Ochradenus arabicus following growth of Maerua oblongifolia shoots in different concentrations of ZnO NPs (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg L−1) in Murashige and Skoog medium. Remarkable increases in plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and total protein were recorded up to a concentration of 5 mg L−1; at the same time, the results demonstrated a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation levels with respect to control. Interestingly, the levels of proline and the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were increased significantly in response to all ZnO NP treatments. These findings indicate that bioengineered ZnO NPs play a major role in accumulation of biomass and stimulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes in plant tissues. Thus, green-synthesized ZnO NPs might be of agricultural and medicinal benefit owing to their impacts on plants in vitro.
  • 930
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SRFR1 Function in Plant Immunity
SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1) is known as a negative regulator by forming an immune complex with resistance proteins and transcription factors of the plant immune system in Arabidopsis. Mutations in SRFR1, identified in a suppressor screen, activated EDS1-dependent ETI to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Besides, mutations in SRFR1 boosted defense responses to the generalist chewing insect Spodoptera exigua and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. In the current study, we report that mutations in SRFR1 enhance susceptibility to the fungal necrotrophs Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. The slsrfr1 tomato mutants generated by a CRISPR/Cas9 system increased expression of SA-pathway defense genes and enhanced resistance to Pto DC3000. In contrast, slsrfr1 mutants elevate susceptibility to FOL. Together, these data suggest that SRFR1 is functionally conserved in both Arabidopsis and tomato and functions antagonistically as a negative regulator to biotrophic pathogens and a positive regulator to necrotrophic pathogens.
  • 924
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Low arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) sporulation in arid field soils limits our knowledge of indigenous species when diversity studies are based only on spore morphology. Our aim was to use different approaches (i.e., spore morphological approach and PCR–SSCP (single-strand-conformation-polymorphism) analysis) after trap plant multiplication strategies to improve the knowledge of the current richness of glomalean AM fungi (Glomerales; Glomeromycota) from the Argentine Puna. Indigenous propagules from two pristine sites at 3870 and 3370 m of elevation were multiplied using different host plants; propagation periods (2–6 months), and subculture cycles (1; 2; or 3) from 5 to 13 months. The propagule multiplication experiment allowed the detection of different glomoid taxa of Funneliformis spp. and Rhizoglomus spp., which were considered cryptic species since they had never been found in Puna soils before. On the other hand; almost all the generalist species previously described were recovered from cultures; except for Glomus ambisporum. Both plant host selection and culture times were critical for Glomerales multiplication. The SSCP analysis complemented the morphological approach and showed a high variability of Glomus at each site; revealing the presence of Funneliformis mosseae. This study demonstrates that AMF trap culture (TC) is a useful strategy for improving the analysis of AM fungal diversity/richness in the Argentinean highlands.
  • 924
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biotic Stressors of Legumes
Leguminous crops such as Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), Glycine max (soybean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (common pea), Cicier arietinum (chickpea), Vigna anguiculata (cowpea), Vicia faba (faba bean), Lens culinaris (lentil), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Lupinus spp. (lupin), and Vigna subterranean (bambara bean) contribute to the improvement of ecosystems, nutrition and food security. 
  • 920
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Diabetic Activity of mangifera Fruit
Spondias mangifera is a drupaceous fruit popular for its flavour and health advantages. There is little scientific knowledge about S. mangifera, despite its widespread usage in traditional medicine, in the North-Eastern region of India. Inhibiting the key carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes is one of the strategies for managing diabetes. In the docking study, the main phytoconstituents of S. mangifera fruit, such as oleanolic acid, beta-sitosterol, and beta amyrin, show strong affinity for pancreatic α-amylase. These results imply that S. mangifera has α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties and may be used as antidiabetic with antioxidant characteristics.
  • 919
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bark of Siberian Conifers
Bark is successfully used as an innovative raw material to create effective environmentally friendly insulation materials. When using bark to obtain panels associated with tannin, the level of free formaldehyde is reduced. It is known that to increase the fire resistance of the composite, larch bark is mixed with clay.
  • 917
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Salicylic Acid-Dependent Signaling for Growth–Defense Trade-Off
One grand challenge for studying plant biotic and abiotic stress responses is to optimize plant growth and plasticity under variable environmental constraints, which in the long run benefits agricultural production. However, efforts in promoting plant immunity are often accompanied by compromised morphological “syndromes” such as growth retardation, sterility, and reduced yield. Such a trade-off is dictated by complex signaling driven by secondary messengers and phytohormones. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known phytohormone essential for basal immunity and systemic acquired resistance. Interestingly, updates suggest that external environmental cues, nutrient status, developmental stages, primary metabolism, and breeding strategies attribute an additional layer of control over SA-dependent signaling, and, hence, plant performance against pathogens. 
  • 917
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnologies in Perfume Manufacturing
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of perfumery interest. Among the evaluated works, the heterologous expression of both terpene synthase and mevalonate pathway into Escherichia coli has shown the highest yields.
  • 917
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
UGT72
The UDP-glycosyltransferase 72 family (UGT72) of plants has been shown to glycosylate mainly two classes of phenylpropanoids, (i) the monolignols that are the building blocks of lignin, the second most abundant polymer after cellulose, and (ii) the flavonoids, which play determinant roles in plant interactions with other organisms and in response to stress. 
  • 915
  • 01 Apr 2022
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