Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 + 1066 word(s) 1066 2021-09-09 10:39:33 |
2 format correct Meta information modification 1066 2021-09-29 04:00:04 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Covacevich, F. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14701 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Covacevich F. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14701. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Covacevich, Fernanda. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14701 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Covacevich, F. (2021, September 28). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/14701
Covacevich, Fernanda. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 September, 2021.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Edit

Low arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) sporulation in arid field soils limits our knowledge of indigenous species when diversity studies are based only on spore morphology. Our aim was to use different approaches (i.e., spore morphological approach and PCR–SSCP (single-strand-conformation-polymorphism) analysis) after trap plant multiplication strategies to improve the knowledge of the current richness of glomalean AM fungi (Glomerales; Glomeromycota) from the Argentine Puna. Indigenous propagules from two pristine sites at 3870 and 3370 m of elevation were multiplied using different host plants; propagation periods (2–6 months), and subculture cycles (1; 2; or 3) from 5 to 13 months. The propagule multiplication experiment allowed the detection of different glomoid taxa of Funneliformis spp. and Rhizoglomus spp., which were considered cryptic species since they had never been found in Puna soils before. On the other hand; almost all the generalist species previously described were recovered from cultures; except for Glomus ambisporum. Both plant host selection and culture times were critical for Glomerales multiplication. The SSCP analysis complemented the morphological approach and showed a high variability of Glomus at each site; revealing the presence of Funneliformis mosseae. This study demonstrates that AMF trap culture (TC) is a useful strategy for improving the analysis of AM fungal diversity/richness in the Argentinean highlands.

Glomerales trap plant multiplication strategy biodiversity highlands single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)

1. Introduction

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) favour plant growth by playing an important role in the exchange of nutrients and metabolites. Diversity studies of AMF in this ancient symbiotic relationship are carried out through both classical taxonomy and molecular techniques provide a better understanding of their different functions and roles in ecosystem functioning [1].
AMF diversity has been traditionally assessed by the morphological identification of fungal spores [2]. Nevertheless this methodology poses some difficulties: (i) spore production is highly dependent on AMF physiology and the environment (edaphic and climatic); (ii) some fungi are non-sporulating; and (iii) spores could be parasitized or degraded in the soil [3]. Despite its detractors, AMF trap culture (TC) has been successfully implemented to circumvent these problems and to multiply soil AMF propagules under controlled conditions to increase the chances of species detection [3][4] and possibly serve as a source of an accurately identified AMF inoculum. Besides the morphological characterisation of AMF spores, a plethora of molecular techniques has been usefully developed in the last decades that allow the assessment of both AM fungal diversity from different ecosystems (i.e., forest, grassland, rangelands, and agroecosystems) [5] and the genetic diversity of specific AM fungal taxa (i.e., different karyotypes produced by the genus Funneliformis (= Glomus) and the wide interisolate genetic diversity of model AMF such as Rhizophagus irregularis) [6][7]. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for better characterization of AMF communities in different ecosystems. However, its cost and the computational capacity needed to process and understand the huge amount of information generated limit the extensive adoption of these techniques. On the other hand, fingerprinting analysis based on DNA banding patterns has been broadly used for decades to unveil the genetic variability of soil microbial communities (i.e., denaturing and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE and TGGE, respectively), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), length heterogeneity-PCR (LH-PCR), terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)). At present, these techniques are still valid due to their high genotypic resolution, low cost and high versatility, reliability and reproducibility. Among these techniques, SSCP has been widely used for both assessing AMF diversity in peculiar environments, such as arid gypsum sites [8], and detecting shifts in soil fungal community structure related to different land uses and agricultural management [9][10]. Thus, the use of SSCP could be considered a first approach before deciding to perform NGS.
Despite the growing interest in knowing and safeguarding the biological diversity associated with extreme environments, some biodiversity hotspots such as the Argentine Puna are being increasingly threatened and not extensively investigated. The Puna is a harsh South American biogeographical region characterised by highlands with a desert climate and unique properties, such as a wide daily temperature range, high solar radiation, and particular flora and fauna [11]. AMF diversity has been scarcely studied in this environment [12]. Different AMF indigenous species from field soils at elevations higher than 3320 m have been identified by means of direct spore isolation and their morphological characterisation [12] without previous propagule multiplication. A low number of AMF spores directly retrieved from field samples and an inverse relationship between AMF spore diversity and height above sea level were found in Puna [12].
This work aims to evaluate the impact of soil propagule multiplication on the diversity and richness of the indigenous glomoid AMF species detectable in two soils of the Puna by comparing the results with those previously obtained, without multiplication, on field soils of the same sites: Abra del Cóndor (AC) and Iturbe (It). We hypothesised that different strategies for soil AMF propagule detection (direct propagule isolation vs TC multiplication) and characterisation (morphological and molecular SSCP approaches) could improve knowledge about the AMF community composition in this extreme environment.

2. Development and Findings

In this study, different strategies of multiplication of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagule indigenous to two pristine soils of the Argentine Puna (elevation over 3000 m a.s.l.) were evaluated. The diversity and richness of species with an emphasis on glomoid AMF were analysed, using both a morphological approach as well as a simple and low-cost molecular tool. Our results were compared with previous field AMF spore diversity reports at these sites, which confirmed the effectiveness of TC in detecting cryptic AMF species never before described for the Puna. Seven cryptic AMF species were identified by spore morphology (Funneliformis sp., F. geosporusF. monosporusRhizoglomus microaggregatumSeptoglomus constrictum, and Sclerocystis sp.) and by sequencing (F. mosseae). The generalist AMF identified included Funneliformis sp., F. geosporusF. mosseaeR. microaggregatumR. aggregatusSclerocystis sinuosa, and Septoglomus constrictum, while some rare species included F. monosporus and Sclerocystis sp. The combination of trap plant species used was crucial to detecting cryptic glomoid species. The SSCP in combination with the morphological approach, allowed to characterise the diversity of the indigenous glomoid AMF multiplied in TC from the studied sites. The results of this study seem to indicate that the TC approach played an important role in multiplying AMF propagules, and that increasing the number of multiplication cycles did not negatively impact the composition and richness of the glomoid AMF. Overall, we emphasized the importance of combining morphological and molecular strategies in diversity studies and the maintenance of AMF diversity through the variation of host plants and the application of long multiplication cycles for propagules multiplication.

References

  1. Powell, J.R.; Rillig, M.C. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function. New Phytol. 2018, 220, 1059–1075.
  2. Brundrett, M.; Bougher, N.; Dell, B.; Grove, T.; Malajczuk, N. Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture; CSIRO: Canberra, Australia, 1996; p. 374.
  3. Stürmer, S.L.; Bever, J.D.; Morton, J.B. Biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota): A phylogenetic perspective on species distribution patterns. Mycorrhiza 2018, 28, 587–603.
  4. Trejo-Aguilar, D.; Lara-Capistrán, L.; Maldonado-Mendoza, I.E.; Zulueta-Rodríguez, R.; Sangabriel-Conde, W.; Mancera-López, M.E.; Negrete-Yankelevich, S.; Barois, I. Loss of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in trap cultures during long-term subculturing. IMA Fungus 2013, 4, 161–167.
  5. Davison, J.; Moora, M.; Öpik, M.; Adholeya, A.; Ainsaar, L.; Bâ, A.; Burla, S.; Diedhiou, A.G.; Hiiesalu, I.; Jairus, T.; et al. Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science 2015, 349, 970–973.
  6. Hijri, M.; Sanders, I.R. Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei. Nature 2005, 433, 160–163.
  7. Mathieu, S.; Cusant, L.; Roux, C.; Corradi, N. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Intraspecific diversity and pangenomes. New Phytol. 2018, 220, 1129–1134.
  8. Alguacil, M.M.; Roldán, A.; Torres, M.P. Assessing the diversity of AM fungi in arid gypsophilous plant communities. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 11, 2649–2659.
  9. Thougnon Islas, A.J.; Hernandez Guijarro, K.; Eyherabide, M.; Sainz Rozas, H.R.; Echeverría, H.E.; Covacevich, F. Can soil properties and agricultural land use affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities indigenous from the Argentinean Pampas soils? Appl. Soil Ecol. 2016, 101, 47–56.
  10. Commatteo, J.G.; Consolo, V.F.; Barbieri, P.A.; Covacevich, F. Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza and Trichoderma from systems with soybean predominance can improve tomato growth. Soil Environ. 2019, 38, 151–161.
  11. Lugo, M.A.; Menoyo, E. Chapter 12: Southern Highlands: Fungal Endosymbiotic Associations. In Mycorrhizal Fungi in South America; Life Science Series, Fungal Biology; Pagano, M.C., Lugo, M.A., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 217–255. ISBN 9783030152277.
  12. Lugo, M.A.; Ferrero, M.; Menoyo, E.; Estévez, M.C.; Siñeriz, F.; Anton, A.M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizospheric bacteria diversity along an altitudinal gradient in South American Puna grassland. Microbiol. Ecol. 2008, 55, 705–713.
More
Information
Subjects: Plant Sciences
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 376
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 29 Sep 2021
1000/1000