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Topic Review
Cold-Shock Domains
The cold-shock domain has a deceptively simple architecture but supports a complex biology. Cold-shock domains in human proteins are often associated with natively unfolded protein segments and more rarely with other folded domains. Human proteins containing cold-shock domains bind single-stranded DNA and/or RNA and serve a large variety of roles in regulating transcription, DNA-damage repair, RNA splicing, translation, stability and sequestration.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Microneedles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
The tumor is an uncontrolled growth of tissue that can be localized (benign) or possesses the capability of metastasis (malignant). The conventional methods of tumor diagnosis, such as acupuncture, endoscopy, and histopathology, and treatment methods, such as injections, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, are invasive, expensive, and pose severe safety and management issues for the patients. Microneedle technology is minimally invasive, self-administrable, bypasses the first-pass effect, effectively delivers chemotherapeutics and drugs at low doses, and provides drug diffusion into the tumor areas, thus, overcoming the drawbacks of conventional delivery systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
D Adenovirus Oncolytic Viral Vectors
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ad) have shown promising results in the therapeutic treatment of cancer. Ad type 5 (Ad5) is the most extensively utilized Ad type. However, several limitations exist to using Ad5 as an oncolytic virus, including high levels of anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies in the population, binding of the Ad5 hexon to blood coagulation factor X leading to liver sequestration and toxicity, and reduced expression of the primary receptor CAR on many tumors. Here, we use in vitro methods to explore the oncolytic potential of four alternative Ad types (Ad26, 28, 45, and 48) belonging to the species D Ad subgroup and developed replication-competent species D Ads expressing the human sodium iodide symporter protein (hNIS) for combination radiovirotherapy. We evaluated the species D Ad vectors transduction, replication, cytotoxicity, and gene expression in six different cancer cell lines. Species D Ads showed the greatest transduction and cytotoxic killing in the SKBR3 breast cancer cells, followed by 293, A549, and HepG2 cells, however the cytotoxicity was less than the wild type Ad5 virus. In contrast, species D Ads showed limited transduction and cytotoxicity in the Hela and SKOV3 cancer cell lines. These species D Ad vectors also successfully expressed the hNIS gene during infection leading to increased iodide uptake in multiple cancer cell lines. These results, the low seroprevalence of anti-species D antibodies, and the lack of binding to blood coagulation FX, support further exploration of species D Ads as alternative oncolytic adenoviruses against multiple types of cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Adenosine Targeting Strategy for Glioblastoma Aggressiveness
Glioblastoma is the most commonly malignant and aggressive brain tumor, with a high mortality rate. The role of the purine nucleotide adenosine and its interaction with its four subtypes receptors coupled to the different G proteins, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, and its different physiological functions in different systems and organs, depending on the active receptor subtype, has been studied for years. Recently, several works have defined extracellular adenosine as a tumoral protector because of its accumulation in the tumor microenvironment. Its presence is due to both the interaction with the A2A receptor subtype and the increase in CD39 and CD73 gene expression induced by the hypoxic state. This fact has fueled preclinical and clinical research into the development of efficacious molecules acting on the adenosine pathway and blocking its accumulation. Given the success of anti-cancer immunotherapy, the new strategy is to develop selective A2A receptor antagonists that could competitively inhibit binding to its endogenous ligand, making them reliable candidates for the therapeutic management of brain tumors. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Physical Exercise Restrains Cancer Progression through Muscle-Derived Factors
A growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies suggests that physical activity offers important benefits against cancer, in terms of both prevention and treatment. However, the exact mechanisms implicated in the anticancer effects of exercise remain to be further elucidated. Muscle-secreted factors in response to contraction have been proposed to mediate the physical exercise-induced beneficial effects and be responsible for the inter-tissue communications. Specifically, myokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute the most studied components of the skeletal muscle secretome that appear to affect the malignancy, either directly by possessing antioncogenic properties, or indirectly by mobilizing the antitumor immune responses. Moreover, some of these factors are capable of mitigating serious, disease-associated adverse effects that deteriorate patients’ quality of life and prognosis.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are primary malignant tumors associated with cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy are essential modalities to improve patient survival, many patients show resistance to these therapies. Various clinical studies have suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a significant role in this resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review Video
Crosstalk between Apoptosis and Autophagy
Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. Apoptosis and autophagy play essential roles in human health, and their malfunction leads to many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and autoimmune disorders. These mechanisms are highly regulated, and there is complex crosstalk between them.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins and Malignant Tumor Progression
Chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs are the dimorphic protein present in both soluble and membrane fractions. As an integral membrane protein, CLICs potentially possess ion channel activity. In vertebrates, CLICs are classified into six classes: CLIC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. CLIC2 is expressed at higher levels in benign tumors than in malignant ones, most likely preventing tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues. CLIC2 is also expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of normal tissues and maintains their intercellular adhesive junctions, presumably suppressing the hematogenous metastasis of malignant tumor cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Selenium Deficiency and Thyroid Cancer
     Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient present in all tissues of the human body. It is incorporated into selenoproteins as selenocysteine (Se-Cys), the 21st amino acid. Se is present in high concentration in thyroid and plays an important role in the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hydrogen peroxide produced during the iodination of thyroid hormones. Therefore, a fluctuation in its level could affect the expression of antioxidant selenoproteins. Indeed, Se deficiency in various diseases, including cancer, could be related to a high level of free radicals caused by oxidative stress. The relationship between Se and cancer risk is not fully understood and still debated worldwide. Most studies indicate a low Se levels in the patients with thyroid cancer.  However, some selenoproteins have been reported to fight tumor cell growth, while others support it, highlighting the fact that the role of Se in the mechanisms of thyroid tumor carcinogenesis is far from clear.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Prevention via Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality among all types of malignancies. Sedentary lifestyles, obesity, smoking, red and processed meat, low-fiber diets, inflammatory bowel disease, and gut dysbiosis are the most important risk factors associated with CRC pathogenesis. Alterations in gut microbiota are positively correlated with colorectal carcinogenesis, as these can dysregulate the immune response, alter the gut’s metabolic profile, modify the molecular processes in colonocytes, and initiate mutagenesis. Changes in the daily diet, and the addition of plant-based nutraceuticals, have the ability to modulate the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota, maintaining gut homeostasis and regulating host immune and inflammatory responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Derived Exosomes in Carcinogenesis
The exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Basic Principles and Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality which uses visible light wavelengths, mainly in the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions, for the activation of photosensitizing molecules (PSs). The widespread diffusion of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for solid tumors is mainly limited by the patient’s adverse reaction (skin photosensitivity), insufficient light penetration in deeply seated neoplastic lesions, unfavorable photosensitizers (PSs) biodistribution, and photokilling efficiency due to PS aggregation in biological environments.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a central DNA repair pathway responsible for removing a wide variety of DNA-distorting lesions from the genome. The highly choreographed cascade of core NER reactions requires more than 30 polypeptides. The xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein plays an essential role in the NER process. XPA interacts with almost all NER participants and organizes the correct NER repair complex. In the absence of XPA’s scaffolding function, no repair process occurs. Researchers briefly summarize the knowledge about the XPA protein structure and analyze the formation of contact with its protein partners during NER complex assembling.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
TEVs-Mediated Communication between Tumor and Immune Cells
Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are an important means of tumor communication with, and manipulation of, the patient’s physiology. TEVs influence the local tumor environment as well as the systemic conditions of the patient.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pineal Gland Tumors
Pineal gland neoplasms are tumors with different and variable morphological, histological, and radiological characteristics and, consequently different diagnosis and management. Pineal tumors, are divided into germ cell tumors, pineal parenchymal tumors and tumors that derive from adjacent structures.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity of Fluoropyrimidines
The definition of cardiotoxicity includes not only clinical symptoms but also changes in left ventricular ejection fraction or histopathological changes in cardiomyocytes. Cardiotoxicity is a rare but serious complication of cytostatic agents, defined as a negative impact on heart function or cardiac cells. Fluoropyrimidine cardiotoxicity was first described in 1969, and since then, many studies have confirmed these findings, but many details such as incidence, mechanisms, and treatment are unclear and remain disputed.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer
Intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, including Abelson (Abl), Src, JNK and many others, play a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways and cancer development, being highly activated in malignant tumor cells, but having very low activity and expression in normal cells. Consequently, in the last thirty years, many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have entered in clinical trials and were approved to treat hematologic and non-hematologic tumors, thus improving cancer treatment. In particular, the greatest progress has been made with the use of TKIs in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis, Staging, and Grading of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells which is rising in incidence in the developed world. Plasma cells are mature antibody-producing B cells which reside in the bone marrow and are essential for maintaining humoral immunity. Multiple myeloma is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells resulting in the production of monoclonal antibody and end-organ damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas start to divide uncontrollably and form a mass. There are different types of cancer cells based on their origin, for example, carcinoma (cancer of epithelial cells), sarcoma (cancer of mesenchymal cells in blood vessels, muscles, and other tissues), myeloma/leukemia/lymphoma (blood cell-related cancer), and adenocarcinoma (cancer of mucus-producing glandular cells).
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
MAGIC-f Gel in Cancer Research
Much of the complex medical physics work requires radiation dose delivery, which requires dosimeters to accurately measure complex three-dimensional dose distribution with good spatial resolution. MAGIC-f polymer gel is one of the emerging new dosimeters widely used in medical physics research. The purpose of this study was to present an overview of polymer gel dosimetry, using MAGIC-f gel, including its composition, manufacture, imaging, calibration, and application to medical physics research.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Sep 2021
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