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Topic Review
Applications of Proteinaceous Nanotube Cavities in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is quickly evolving, with novel materials being produced on a rapid scale. These nanomaterials range from fibers and sheets to tubular designs that are based on various different compositions such as metallic or carbon-based materials. In particular, carbon-based nanotubes, which include single- and multiwall tubes, have found applications in many scientific fields such as medicine, energy storage and fuel cells. Adding to these are the advances made with protein-based nanotubes, which offer different properties from those of classical carbon-based nanotubes. Although it would seem that biologically based nanotubes offer little room for direct design, current studies have shown that the high complexity of proteins can be an advantage for biotechnological designs that offers a novel perspective on many applications.
  • 764
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diversity of Mycogenic Oxide and Chalcogenide Nanoparticles
Oxide and chalcogenide nanoparticles have great potential for use in biomedicine, engineering, agriculture, environmental protection, and other research fields. The myco-synthesis of nanoparticles with fungal cultures, their metabolites, culture liquids, and mycelial and fruit body extracts is simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. The characteristics of nanoparticles, including their size, shape, homogeneity, stability, physical properties and biological activity, can be tuned by changing the myco-synthesis conditions.
  • 764
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles in Bioimaging
Applications of nanotechnology have expanded into different branches of the biomedical field. Efforts are continually being made towards the development of unique nanoparticles (=NPs) which can overcome limitations of traditional therapeutics and, hence, are able to improve management of diseases. Large surface area-to-volume ratios of NPs provide a platform for easy chemical functionalization for excellent interaction with biological systems. Among the broad range of NPs studied for biomedical applications, metal sulfide nanoparticles (=MxSy-NPs) have been the focus of several studies. In addition to properties found at the nanoscale, MxSy-NPs also exhibit favorable properties such as light conversion, Fenton catalysis, immune activation and radiation enhancement. The lower electronegativity of sulfur in comparison to oxygen makes MxSy-NPs naturally versatile in comparison to highly exploited metal oxide ones. The versatility of MxSy-NPs becomes evident by the fact that they can be successfully used for various applications including different types of imaging and therapy, often alone or in combination with other materials to enhance their intended application.
  • 763
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Lipidic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
Sphingomyelin (SM) and its metabolites are crucial regulators of tumor cell growth, differentiation, senescence, and programmed cell death. With the rise in lipid-based nanomaterials, engineered lipidic nanomaterials inspired by SM metabolism, corresponding lipid targeting, and signaling activation have made fascinating advances in cancer therapeutic processes.
  • 757
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Natural Products in Oncology
In recent decades, increasing interest in the use of natural products in anticancer therapy field has been observed, mainly due to unsolved drug-resistance problems. The antitumoral effect of natural compounds involving different signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms has been largely demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. The encapsulation of natural products into different delivery systems may lead to a significant enhancement of their anticancer efficacy by increasing in vivo stability and bioavailability, reducing side adverse effects and improving target-specific activity. More and more studies in the nanomedicine field aim to design nanostructured systems containing natural compounds for new drug delivery tools in anticancer therapies.
  • 755
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials
Incorporating antimicrobial nanocompounds into materials to prevent microbial adhesion or kill microorganisms has become an increasingly challenging strategy. Many studies have been conducted on the preparation of nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties against diseases caused by pathogens. 
  • 752
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional Layered Light-Sensitive Memristive Structures for Machine Vision
Layered two-dimensional (2D) and quasi-zero-dimensional (0D) materials effectively absorb radiation in the wide ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and terahertz ranges. Photomemristive structures made of such low-dimensional materials are of great interest for creating optoelectronic platforms for energy-efficient storage and processing of data and optical signals in real time.
  • 750
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanoparticles in Bone Tissue Engineering
Large bone defects with limited intrinsic regenerative potential represent a major surgical challenge and are associated with a high socio-economic burden and severe reduction in the quality of life. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility to induce new functional bone regeneration, with the biomimetic scaffold serving as a bridge to create a microenvironment that enables a regenerative niche at the site of damage. Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a potential tool in bone tissue engineering that leverages the inherent magnetism of magnetic nano particles in cellular microenvironments providing direction in enhancing the osteoinductive, osteoconductive and angiogenic properties in the design of scaffolds. There are conflicting opinions and reports on the role of MNPs on these scaffolds, such as the true role of magnetism, the application of external magnetic fields in combination with MNPs, remote delivery of biomechanical stimuli in-vivo and magnetically controlled cell retention or bioactive agent delivery in promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. 
  • 746
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional Nanomaterial Systems
In response to the exhaustion of traditional energy, green and efficient energy conversion has attracted growing attention. The IVA group elements, especially carbon, are widely distributed and stable in the earth’s crust, and have received a lot of attention from scientists. The low-dimensional structures composed of IVA group elements have special energy band structure and electrical properties, which allow them to show more excellent performance in the fields of energy conversion. The diversification of synthesis and optimization of properties of IVA group elements low-dimensional nanomaterials (IVA-LD) contributed to the flourishing development of related fields.
  • 746
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Medicine
This entry focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.
  • 738
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Mechanism of MoS2
MoS2 has long been considered a promising catalyst for hydrogen production. At present, there are many strategies to further improve its catalytic performance, such as edge engineering, defect engineering, phase engineering, and so on. However, at present, there is still a great deal of controversy about the mechanism of MoS2 catalytic hydrogen production. For example, it is generally believed that the base plane of MoS2 is inert; however, it has been reported that the inert base plane can undergo a transient phase transition in the catalytic process to play the catalytic role, which is contrary to the common understanding that the catalytic activity only occurs at the edge. Therefore, it is necessary to further understand the mechanism of MoS2 catalytic hydrogen production. 
  • 736
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Cu-Based Nanomaterials from Plant-Mediated Synthesis
Plants have been used for multiple purposes over thousands of years in various applications such as traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. The special properties of phytochemicals within plant extracts have spurred researchers to pursue interdisciplinary studies uniting nanotechnology and biotechnology. Plant-mediated green synthesis of nanomaterials utilises the phytochemicals in plant extracts to produce nanomaterials. Principles of plant-mediated Cu-based nanomaterials in biomedical and environmental applications are discussed.
  • 735
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metallic Nanoparticles Applications and Therapies
Metallic-based nanoparticles present a unique set of physicochemical properties that support their application in different fields, such as electronics, medical diagnostics, and therapeutics. Particularly, in cancer therapy, the plasmonic resonance, magnetic behavior, X-ray attenuation, and radical oxygen species generation capacity displayed by metallic nanoparticles make them highly promising theragnostic solutions.
  • 734
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Nanosystems in Ocular Application
Fluorescence is a simple and non-invasive way to track the drug through the eye tissues, and it is also widely used in diagnostics to visualize diseased tissues, lesions and pathological markers. Nanomedicine offers the possibility to overcome obstacles related to physiological mechanisms and ocular barriers by exploiting different ocular routes. Functionalization of nanosystems by fluorescent probes could be a useful strategy to understand the pathway taken by nanocarriers into the ocular globe and to improve the desired targeting accuracy.
  • 733
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Preparation of Graphene-Based Aerogels Using γ-ray Irradiation Technology
Graphene aerogels (GAs) are of significant interest in the scientific community due to their unique attributes, including a three-dimensional porous structure, exceptional specific surface area, and remarkable chemical stability. Researchers have made notable breakthroughs in aerogel preparation, focusing on aspects like porous structures and chemical stability. 
  • 733
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plasmon-Resonant Gold Nanostructures
Liposomes can sequester a variety of bioactive water-soluble ions, ligands and enzymes, and oligonucleotides. The bilayer that separates the liposome interior from the exterior solution provides a physical barrier to contents release and degradation. Tethering plasmon-resonant, hollow gold nanoshells to the liposomes, or growing gold nanoparticles directly on the liposome exterior, allows liposome contents to be released by nanosecond or shorter pulses of near-infrared light (NIR). Gold nanoshells or nanoparticles strongly adsorb NIR light; cells, tissues, and physiological media are transparent to NIR, allowing penetration depths of millimeters to centimeters. Nano to picosecond pulses of NIR light rapidly heat the gold nanoshells, inducing the formation of vapor nanobubbles, similar to cavitation bubbles.
  • 732
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Hybrid Nanofluids
In response to the issues of environment, climate, and human health coupled with the growing demand for energy due to increasing population and technological advancement, the concept of sustainable and renewable energy is presently receiving unprecedented attention. To achieve these feats, energy savings and efficiency are crucial in terms of the development of energy-efficient devices and thermal fluids. Limitations associated with the use of conventional thermal fluids led to the discovery of energy-efficient fluids called “nanofluids, which are established to be better than conventional thermal fluids. The research progress on nanofluids has led to the development of the advanced nanofluids coined “hybrid nanofluids” (HNFs) found to possess superior thermal-optical properties than conventional thermal fluids and nanofluids. 
  • 729
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Functionalization Strategies of Nanocarriers
The applications of nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery have achieved great achievements and shown enormous advantages. However, the efficient delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to target cells was still severely restricted by various anatomical and physiological barriers. Consequently, the NPs were designed and functionalized in order to achieve active and specific targeting for promoting the preferential accumulation in tumor tissues, effective uptake by tumor cells, and release of the drug after entering cancer cells.
  • 727
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carotenoid-Loaded Nanocarriers for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Natural bioactive compounds have emerged as a strategy for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Carotenoids, including astaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, fucoxanthin, crocin and others are natural pigments and antioxidants, and can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. However, carotenoids, as oil-soluble substances with additional unsaturated groups, suffer from low solubility, poor stability and poor bioavailability. Therefore, the preparation of various nano-drug delivery systems from carotenoids is a current measure to achieve efficient application of carotenoids. Different carotenoid delivery systems can improve the solubility, stability, permeability and bioavailability of carotenoids to a certain extent to achieve Alzheimer’s disease efficacy.
  • 727
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Nanoparticles as Platforms for Theranostic Purposes
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the first approved nanomedicines and the most well-studied class of nanocarriers for drug delivery. Currently, they are in the frontline of the pandemic fight as vaccine formulations and therapeutic products. However, even though they are so well-studied, new materials and new modifications arise every day that can improve their properties. Their dynamic nature, especially the liquid crystal state of membranes, is under constant investigation and it is that which many times leads to their complex biological behavior. In addition, newly discovered biomaterials and nanoparticles that possess promising effects and functionalities, but also toxicity and/or poor pharmacokinetics, can be combined with LNPs to ameliorate their properties.
  • 726
  • 23 Jun 2022
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