Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Rhizobacteria under Drought Stress
The current review comprehensively covers major research to evaluate the effectiveness of PGPR in alleviating crop water stress and to find effective PGPR to help crops in maintaining water status under drought conditions. The aim of the present review is to provide insights into the role of phytohormones, plant metabolites, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-caroboylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity in stress tolerance of plants in response to PGPR inoculation. This review identifies the challenges of drought stress and involvement of PGPR in the mitigation of drought stress in plants for sustainable production.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Candida and anti-candidal plant compounds
Fungi from the genus Candida are very important human and animal pathogens. Many strains can produce biofilms, which inhibit the activity of antifungal drugs and increase the tolerance or resistance to them as well. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Cat’s Claw
Cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schults) DC.), a plant that is exceptionally rich in phytochemicals, has been used for centuries by the indigenous people of South and Central America as a therapeutic and is currently widely exported for medicinal purposes
  • 999
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aquatic Plants: Life Support and Nutrition in Space
Sustainable long-term space missions require regenerative life support from plants. However, traditional crop plants lack some features desirable for use in space environments. The aquatic plant family Lemnaceae (duckweeds) has enormous potential as a space crop, featuring (i) fast growth, with very high rates of O2 production and CO2 sequestration, (ii) an exceptional nutritional quality (with respect to radiation-fighting antioxidants and high-quality protein), (iii) easy propagation and high productivity in small spaces, and (iv) resilience to the stresses (radiation, microgravity, and elevated CO2) of the human-inhabited space-cabin environment. These attractive traits of Lemnaceae are placed into the context of their unique adaptations to the aquatic environment. In other words, evolution may have led to a group of plants with traits that can be viewed as pre-adaptations for spaceflight environments.
  • 997
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), or condensed tannins, are oligomeric or polymeric end-products of flavonoid metabolism, starting from the central phenylpropanoid pathway. PAs are brown-pigmented and present in the seed coats or seeds, fruits, bark, and leaves of a wide range of plant species, including important cash crops, such as apples, grapes, soybeans, common beans, cereals, and most berries. These phytochemicals are brown-pigmented, increase plant resistance to herbivory, and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogens, insect attacks, and ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation.
  • 994
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Approaches in Enhancing Arsenic Tolerance in Plants
The non-essential metalloid arsenic (As) is widely distributed in soil and underground water of many countries. Arsenic contamination is a concern because it creates threat to food security in terms of crop productivity and food safety. Plants exposed to As show morpho-physiological, growth and developmental disorder which altogether result in loss of productivity. At physiological level, As-induced altered biochemistry in chloroplast, mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, plasma membrane causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration which damage cell through disintegrating the structure of lipids, proteins, and DNA.  Thirst of plants researchers are increasing for searching and establishing proper strategies to increase plant defense mechanisms upon As-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, exogenous different elicitors like plant nutrients, hormone, antioxidants, osmolytes, signaling molecules, different chelating agents, microbial inoculants, organic amendments etc. were used in different plant species upon exposure to As stress to evaluate their roles in reducing oxidative injury through upregulating antioxidants activities.
  • 992
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Roles of GR-RBPs in RNA Metabolism
Glycine-rich RNA binding proteins (GR-RBPs), a branch of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), play integral roles in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism regulation, such as RNA processing, transport, localization, translation, and stability, and ultimately regulate gene expression and cell fate.
  • 989
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Potential of Camelina sativa
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz., also known as false or wild flax, German sesame, gold-of-pleasure, or linseed dodder, is an allohexaploid (2n = 40) oilseed crop within the Brassicaceae.
  • 988
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phenotyping in Protected Cropping
Protected cropping produces more food per land area than field-grown crops. Protected cropping includes low-tech polytunnels utilizing protective coverings, medium-tech facilities with some environmental control, and high-tech facilities such as fully automated glasshouses and indoor vertical farms. High crop productivity and quality are maintained by using environmental control systems and advanced precision phenotyping sensor technologies that were first developed for broadacre agricultural and can now be utilized for protected-cropping applications.  The adoption of climate monitoring and control technologies and precision phenotyping methodologies in protected cropping is required for sustaining future food security and enhancing nutritional quality.
  • 988
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
NO Signaling/ROS during Abiotic Stresses
With the rapidly growing human population and changing global climate conditions, it is critical to prevent global crop losses to meet the increasing demand for food and other crop products. The reactive gaseous signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) is involved in numerous plant developmental processes as well as plant responses to various abiotic stresses through its interactions with various molecules. Together, these interactions lead to the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), proline and glutathione biosynthesis, post-translational modifications such as S-nitrosylation, and modulation of gene and protein expression. Exogenous application of various NO donors positively mitigates the negative effects of various abiotic stressors. 
  • 986
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role of Ethylene in Plant Developmental Processes
Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits.
  • 985
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Performance
It is difficult to assess the function of indigenous microorganisms interacting with plants in the environment. The function can be evaluated by using mutants of host plants that are unable to express the function. The function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots can be assessed by using symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus that do not form arbuscules, which are their nutrient exchange organs.
  • 984
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Deep Learning Methods in Plant Taxonomy
Plant taxonomy is the scientific study of the classification and naming of various plant species. It is a branch of biology that aims to categorize and organize the diverse variety of plant life on earth. Traditionally, plant taxonomy has been performed using morphological and anatomical characteristics, such as leaf shape, flower structure, and seed and fruit characters. Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and especially deep learning can also play an instrumental role in plant taxonomy by automating the process of categorizing plant species based on the available features.
  • 981
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Myzus persicae Sulzer
The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), a major and harmful chili aphid usually managed using chemical pesticides, is responsible for massive annual agricultural losses. The efficacy of two protein elicitors, PeaT1 and PeBC1, to stimulate a defensive response against M. persicae in chili was studied in this study.
  • 974
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nanobionics with Heavy Metals, Drought, and Salt Stress
Nanomaterials (NMs) are functionalized into plants to improve their natural processes, such as photosynthesis. In this instance, functional nanoparticles (NPs) play a more active role in the plant than nanofertilizers do in distributing macro- or micronutrients. Another goal of plant nanobionics is to make plants into gadgets such as light-emitting plants or environmental sensors. The plant is given a non-native functionality by the NMs introduced here. The basis of plant nanobionics is smart NMs that localise within tissue and even within organelles such as chloroplasts.
  • 974
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Role of ACTIN Genes in Cotton Fiber Development
Cotton fiber development largely depends on cell wall biosynthesis and cytoskeleton arrangement. Cytoskeleton dynamics control many cellular processes, such as the movement of organelles, cell wall formation, and cell division. Microfilaments (actin-filament), microtubules, and intermediate filaments are the main constituents of the cytoskeleton. In most cells, actin filaments are involved in secretory vesicle transportation to the cell membrane and cell wall, enhancing cell expansion. The actin cytoskeleton also regulates tip growth and cell elongation. Dozens express actin proteins to hundreds of genes in the ACTIN family. Arabidopsis has 10 actin genes, of which 8 are functional, and 2 are categorized as pseudogenes, while cotton plants have been identified with 16 actin genes.
  • 974
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Barsassia (Lycopsida)
Morphology and nomenclature are essential issues of botany, in which both extant and fossil plant taxa follow the same nomenclature code. Devonian (419.2–358.9 Ma) herbaceous lycopsid Barsassia, one of the earliest coal-forming plants in geological history, possesses a characteristic, easily recognized, step-like stem and has been thought to be an index fossil for dating and correlating the Middle Devonian strata, especially those in the paleoblocks of Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, and North China. Here, researchers systematically study the Devonian lycopsid Barsassia in terms of its morphology and nomenclature, based on the new materials from the Middle Devonian Hujiersite Formation of West Junggar, Xinjiang, China, and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Barsassia ornata is determined as the type species of the genus, and a neotype is designated for that name. Barsassia ornata consists of fan- or rectangular-shaped leaves with awl-shaped or finger-like distal tips. Its leaves are pseudo-whorls and imbricately arranged on the stem surface forming distinct step-like structure.
  • 972
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Olive Productive Oil
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is well adapted to the environmental conditions of the Mediterranean Basin, agricultural techniques and breeding through selection programs will have to adapt to these climate change, threatening to worsen in the near future. 
  • 971
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Callicarpa americana MADS-Box Genes
The MADS-box gene family encodes a number of transcription factors that play key roles in various plant growth and development processes from response to environmental cues to cell differentiation and organ identity, especially the floral organogenesis, as in the prominent ABCDE model of flower development. Recently, the genome of American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) has been sequenced. It is a shrub native to the southern region of United States with edible purple-colored berries; it is a member of the Lamiaceae family, a family of medical and agricultural importance. Seventy-eight MADS-box genes were identified from 17 chromosomes of the C. americana assembled genome. Peptide sequences blast and analysis of phylogenetic relationships with MADS-box genes of Sesame indicum, Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Amborella trichopoda were performed. Genes were separated into 32 type I and 46 type II MADS-box genes. C. americana MADS-box genes were clustered into four groups: MIKCC, MIKC*, Mα-type, and Mγ-type, while the Mβ-type group was absent. Analysis of the gene structure revealed that from 1 to 15 exons exist in C. americana MADS-box genes. The number of exons in type II MADS-box genes (5–15) greatly exceeded the number in type I genes (1–9). The motif distribution analysis of the two types of MADS-box genes showed that type II MADS-box genes contained more motifs than type I genes. These results suggested that C. americana MADS-box genes type II had more complex structures and might have more diverse functions. The role of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in flower and fruit development was highlighted when the expression profile was analyzed in different organs transcriptomes. This study is the first genome-wide analysis of the C. americana MADS-box gene family, and the results will further support any functional and evolutionary studies of C. americana MADS-box genes and serve as a reference for related studies of other plants in the medically important Lamiaceae family.
  • 971
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) in Korea
Clematis, a widely distributed genus in Ranunculaceae, is one of the most difficult groups of taxa from a taxonomic point of view. A study on achene morphology and anatomy indicated that some of the achene features could be useful as an alternative source to highlight the infrageneric relationship within the genus.  
  • 970
  • 01 Dec 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 52
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback