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Topic Review
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of plants
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and is posing a serious challenge to mankind. As per the current scenario, there is an urgent need for antiviral that could act as a protective and therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Plants are a good source of natural medication and an alternative to antibiotic treatment because the excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for drug resistance. Secondly, the main advantage of using plants is that they are economically efficient, have high scalability and safety because the plants can be cultivated in a very low amount, and they also do not support the growth of human pathogens. Plants have produced a large range of antivirals lectins, including griffithsin, cyanovirin and cyanovirin-N-fusion proteins, and also the transgenic rice lines that express griffithsin and cyanovirin-N in the seeds, with or without antibody 2G12. Medicinal plants may be a good source of antivirals, but the accurate dosage and plant parts that have medicinal properties, such as root, shoot, etc., should be known prior to the consumption; otherwise, the adverse effect could also exist.
  • 980
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Roles of GR-RBPs in RNA Metabolism
Glycine-rich RNA binding proteins (GR-RBPs), a branch of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), play integral roles in regulating various aspects of RNA metabolism regulation, such as RNA processing, transport, localization, translation, and stability, and ultimately regulate gene expression and cell fate.
  • 978
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Performance
It is difficult to assess the function of indigenous microorganisms interacting with plants in the environment. The function can be evaluated by using mutants of host plants that are unable to express the function. The function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots can be assessed by using symbiotic mutant of Lotus japonicus that do not form arbuscules, which are their nutrient exchange organs.
  • 977
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Rhizobacteria under Drought Stress
The current review comprehensively covers major research to evaluate the effectiveness of PGPR in alleviating crop water stress and to find effective PGPR to help crops in maintaining water status under drought conditions. The aim of the present review is to provide insights into the role of phytohormones, plant metabolites, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-caroboylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity in stress tolerance of plants in response to PGPR inoculation. This review identifies the challenges of drought stress and involvement of PGPR in the mitigation of drought stress in plants for sustainable production.
  • 977
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Barsassia (Lycopsida)
Morphology and nomenclature are essential issues of botany, in which both extant and fossil plant taxa follow the same nomenclature code. Devonian (419.2–358.9 Ma) herbaceous lycopsid Barsassia, one of the earliest coal-forming plants in geological history, possesses a characteristic, easily recognized, step-like stem and has been thought to be an index fossil for dating and correlating the Middle Devonian strata, especially those in the paleoblocks of Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, and North China. Here, researchers systematically study the Devonian lycopsid Barsassia in terms of its morphology and nomenclature, based on the new materials from the Middle Devonian Hujiersite Formation of West Junggar, Xinjiang, China, and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Barsassia ornata is determined as the type species of the genus, and a neotype is designated for that name. Barsassia ornata consists of fan- or rectangular-shaped leaves with awl-shaped or finger-like distal tips. Its leaves are pseudo-whorls and imbricately arranged on the stem surface forming distinct step-like structure.
  • 970
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of ACTIN Genes in Cotton Fiber Development
Cotton fiber development largely depends on cell wall biosynthesis and cytoskeleton arrangement. Cytoskeleton dynamics control many cellular processes, such as the movement of organelles, cell wall formation, and cell division. Microfilaments (actin-filament), microtubules, and intermediate filaments are the main constituents of the cytoskeleton. In most cells, actin filaments are involved in secretory vesicle transportation to the cell membrane and cell wall, enhancing cell expansion. The actin cytoskeleton also regulates tip growth and cell elongation. Dozens express actin proteins to hundreds of genes in the ACTIN family. Arabidopsis has 10 actin genes, of which 8 are functional, and 2 are categorized as pseudogenes, while cotton plants have been identified with 16 actin genes.
  • 969
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Methods in Plant Taxonomy
Plant taxonomy is the scientific study of the classification and naming of various plant species. It is a branch of biology that aims to categorize and organize the diverse variety of plant life on earth. Traditionally, plant taxonomy has been performed using morphological and anatomical characteristics, such as leaf shape, flower structure, and seed and fruit characters. Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and especially deep learning can also play an instrumental role in plant taxonomy by automating the process of categorizing plant species based on the available features.
  • 965
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Improving Protein in Grain Legumes by Genetic Variability
Grain legumes are a rich source of dietary protein for millions of people globally and thus a key driver for securing global food security. Legume plant-based ‘dietary protein’ biofortification is an economic strategy for alleviating the menace of rising malnutrition-related problems and hidden hunger. Malnutrition from protein deficiency is predominant in human populations with an insufficient daily intake of animal protein/dietary protein due to economic limitations, especially in developing countries. Therefore, enhancing grain legume protein content will help eradicate protein-related malnutrition problems in low-income and underprivileged countries.
  • 964
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) in Korea
Clematis, a widely distributed genus in Ranunculaceae, is one of the most difficult groups of taxa from a taxonomic point of view. A study on achene morphology and anatomy indicated that some of the achene features could be useful as an alternative source to highlight the infrageneric relationship within the genus.  
  • 963
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Plant Cell Wall Proteomes
Cell wall proteins (CWPs) play critical roles in the biogenesis of plant cell walls and in their rearrangement during plant growth and development as well as in response to environmental constraints. Many cell wall proteomes have now been described, thus allowing drawing a general picture. 
  • 961
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phenotyping in Protected Cropping
Protected cropping produces more food per land area than field-grown crops. Protected cropping includes low-tech polytunnels utilizing protective coverings, medium-tech facilities with some environmental control, and high-tech facilities such as fully automated glasshouses and indoor vertical farms. High crop productivity and quality are maintained by using environmental control systems and advanced precision phenotyping sensor technologies that were first developed for broadacre agricultural and can now be utilized for protected-cropping applications.  The adoption of climate monitoring and control technologies and precision phenotyping methodologies in protected cropping is required for sustaining future food security and enhancing nutritional quality.
  • 961
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Approaches in Enhancing Arsenic Tolerance in Plants
The non-essential metalloid arsenic (As) is widely distributed in soil and underground water of many countries. Arsenic contamination is a concern because it creates threat to food security in terms of crop productivity and food safety. Plants exposed to As show morpho-physiological, growth and developmental disorder which altogether result in loss of productivity. At physiological level, As-induced altered biochemistry in chloroplast, mitochondria, peroxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, plasma membrane causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration which damage cell through disintegrating the structure of lipids, proteins, and DNA.  Thirst of plants researchers are increasing for searching and establishing proper strategies to increase plant defense mechanisms upon As-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, exogenous different elicitors like plant nutrients, hormone, antioxidants, osmolytes, signaling molecules, different chelating agents, microbial inoculants, organic amendments etc. were used in different plant species upon exposure to As stress to evaluate their roles in reducing oxidative injury through upregulating antioxidants activities.
  • 958
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Ubiquitination in ABA Signaling
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) rapidly accumulates in plants in response to environmental stress and plays a pivotal role in the reaction to various stimuli. Increasing evidence demonstrates a significant role of ubiquitination and subsequent selective degradation in controlling ABA signaling. We present updated information on the components of the ABA signaling pathway modified by different E3 ligases.
  • 956
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Aquatic Plants: Life Support and Nutrition in Space
Sustainable long-term space missions require regenerative life support from plants. However, traditional crop plants lack some features desirable for use in space environments. The aquatic plant family Lemnaceae (duckweeds) has enormous potential as a space crop, featuring (i) fast growth, with very high rates of O2 production and CO2 sequestration, (ii) an exceptional nutritional quality (with respect to radiation-fighting antioxidants and high-quality protein), (iii) easy propagation and high productivity in small spaces, and (iv) resilience to the stresses (radiation, microgravity, and elevated CO2) of the human-inhabited space-cabin environment. These attractive traits of Lemnaceae are placed into the context of their unique adaptations to the aquatic environment. In other words, evolution may have led to a group of plants with traits that can be viewed as pre-adaptations for spaceflight environments.
  • 956
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Mapping of ms1s, Wheat
The utilization of heterosis is an important way to improve wheat yield, and the production of wheat hybrid seeds mainly relies on male-sterile lines. Male sterility in line 15 Fan 03 derived from a cross of 72,180 and Xiaoyan 6 is controlled by a single recessive gene. The gene was mapped to the distal region of chromosome 4BS in a genetic interval of 1.4 cM and physical distance of 6.57 Mb between SSR markers Ms4BS42 and Ms4BS199 using an F2 population with 1205 individuals. Sterile individuals had a deletion of 4.57 Mb in the region presumed to carry the Ms1 locus. The allele for sterility was therefore named ms1s. Three CAPS markers were developed and verified from the region upstream of the deleted fragment and can be used for ms1s marker-assisted selection in wheat hybrid breeding. This work will enrich the utilization of male sterility genetic resources. 
  • 954
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Heterotrimeric G Protein Signaling in Abiotic Stress
Environmental cues have a critical impact on plant growth and development. As sessile organisms, plants exhibit extraordinary plasticity and have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to adapt and mitigate the adverse effects of environmental fluctuations. Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins), composed of α, β, and γ subunits, are universal signaling molecules mediating the response to a myriad of internal and external signals.
  • 954
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of Festuca indigesta subsp. indigesta (Poaceae)
Festuca indigesta Boiss. is a polyploid Iberian−Maghreb species, which, in the Iberian Peninsula, is represented by the subsp. indigesta. This taxon has great ecological importance and dominates many plant communities that characterize the high mountains of southeastern Spain, where it is endemic. 
  • 952
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polyamines Act as Pollen Tube Growth Protectants
Although pollen structure and morphology evolved toward the optimization of stability and fertilization efficiency, its performance is affected by harsh environmental conditions, e.g., heat, cold, drought, pollutants, and other stressors. These phenomena are expected to increase in the coming years in relation to predicted environmental scenarios, contributing to a rapid increase in the interest of the scientific community in understanding the molecular and physiological responses implemented by male gametophyte to accomplish reproduction. 
  • 951
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Olive Productive Oil
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is well adapted to the environmental conditions of the Mediterranean Basin, agricultural techniques and breeding through selection programs will have to adapt to these climate change, threatening to worsen in the near future. 
  • 950
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
2-Hydroxymelatonin
2-OHM treatment induced ROS production in arabidopsis, whereas melatonin did not. ROS production by 2-OHM treatment occurred in old arabidopsis leaves in darkness, consistent with an ethylene-mediated senescence mechanism. Transgenic tobacco plants containing overexpressed rice M2H exhibited dwarfism and leaf necrosis of the upper leaves and early senescence of the lower leaves. We also demonstrated that 2-OHM-mediated ROS production is respiratory burst NADPH oxidase (RBOH)-dependent and that 2-OHM-induced senescence genes require ethylene and the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway in arabidopsis. In contrast to melatonin, 2-OHM treatment induced senescence symptoms such as leaf chlorosis and increased ion leakage in arabidopsis. Senescence induction is known to begin with decreased levels of proteins involved in chloroplast maintenance including Lhcb1 and ClpR1. Together, these results show that 2-OHM acts as a senescence-inducing factor by inducing ROS production in plants
  • 948
  • 29 Mar 2022
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