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Topic Review
Extraction of Protein from Agricultural Waste
Protein is the link of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds forming the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the protein. Regardless of the superiority of the protein quantity in animals compared to plants, plant-derived protein has become one of the alternative options in overcoming the increasing environmental issue due to the mass production in the agricultural sector. Plant-derived protein is now receiving attention for its functionality as a sustainable protein source. In recent years, downstream bioprocessing industries are venturing into less tedious, simple, and high-efficiency separation by implementing advanced purification and extraction methods. The separation of proteins, with the main focus on amylase as an enzyme from industrial agriculture waste using various techniques of extraction, is being discussed further.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Climate of Ancient Rome
The climate of Ancient Rome varied throughout the existence of that civilization. In the first half of the 1st millennium BC the climate of Italy was more humid and cool than now and the presently arid south saw more precipitation. The northern regions were situated in the temperate climate zone, while the rest of Italy was in the subtropics, having a warm and mild climate. During the annual melt of the mountain snow even small rivers would overflow, swamping the terrain (Tuscany and the Pontine Marshes were deemed impassable in antiquity). The existence of Roman civilization (including the Eastern Roman Empire) spanned three climatological periods: Early Subatlantic (900 BC–175 AD), Mid-Subatlantic (175–750) and Late Subatlantic (since 750). The written, archaeological and natural-scientific proxy evidence independently but consistently shows that during the period of the Roman Empire's maximum expansion and final crisis, the climate underwent changes. The Empire's greatest extent under Trajan coincided with the Roman climatic optimum. The climate change occurred at different rates, from apparent near stasis during the early Empire to rapid fluctuations during the late Empire. Still, there is some controversy in the notion of a generally moister period in the eastern Mediterranean in c. 1 AD–600 AD due to conflicting publications.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
House of La Fayette
The House of La Fayette was a French family of Nobles of the Sword, from the province of Auvergne, established during the Middle-Age by the lords of the fief of La Fayette held by the senior branch of the Motier family.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coffee and Yeasts
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world, and its popularity has prompted the necessity to constantly increase the variety and improve the characteristics of coffee as a general commodity. The popularity of coffee as a staple drink has also brought undesired side effects, coffee production, processing and consumption are all accompanied by impressive quantities of coffee-related wastes which can be a threat to the environment. In this review, we integrated the main studies on fermentative yeasts used in coffee-related industries with an emphasis on two different directions: (1) the role of yeast strains in the postharvest processing of coffee, the possibilities to use them as starting cultures for controlled fermentation and their impact on the sensorial quality of processed coffee, and (2) the potential to use yeasts to capitalize on coffee wastes - especially spent coffee grounds—in the form of eco-friendly biomass, biofuel or fine chemical production.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Dual-Purpose Crops
Competition over land between food and fodder production, along with recurrent droughts and increasing population, has put mixed crop–livestock farming systems in the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa under pressure. Dual-purpose crops hold huge potential to ease this pressure and simultaneously improve food and fodder availability in these systems.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Balancing Immune System to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases are examples of imbalances within the immune system (disrupted homeostasis) that arise from the effects of an accumulation of environmental and habitual insults over a lifetime, combined with genetic predispositions. The Ligand Epitope Antigen Presentation System (LEAPS) therapies are capable of inhibiting ongoing disease progression in animal models. Whereas DMARDs ablate or inhibit specific proinflammatory cytokines or cells and JAK inhibitors (jakinibs) inhibit the receptor activation cascade for expression of proinflammatory cytokines, the LEAPS therapeutic vaccines specifically modulate the ongoing antigen-specific, disease-driving, proinflammatory T memory cell responses. This decreases disease presentation and changes the cytokine conversation to decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines while increasing the expression of regulatory cytokines. 
  • 2.6K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Ground Autonomous Vehicles for Agriculture
The available autonomous ground platforms developed by universities and research groups that were specifically designed to handle agricultural tasks was performed. As cost reduction and safety improvements are two of the most critical aspects for farmers, the development of autonomous vehicles can be of major interest, especially for those applications that are lacking in terms of mechanization improvements.
  • 2.6K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
MOOC 5.0
Massive Open Online Course 5.0 (MOOC 5.0), was introduced and discussed in a Research paper titled "MOOC 5.0: A Roadmap to the Future of Learning" published in 2022. Its features include better universal access, better learner engagement, adaptive learning, greater collaboration, security, and curiosity, which is being developed using Industry 4.0 technologies of the Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning, Blockchain, Gamification Technologies, and the Metaverse and would incorporate the zones of ethics and humanism, while at the same time providing learners with a richer and more individualized experience.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ethereum Classic
Ethereum Classic is an open source, blockchain-based distributed computing platform featuring smart contract (scripting) functionality. It supports a modified version of Nakamoto consensus via transaction-based state transitions executed on a public Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Ethereum Classic maintains the original, unaltered history of the Ethereum network. The Ethereum project's mainnet initially released via Frontier on 30 July 2015. However, due to a hack of a third-party project, the Ethereum Foundation created a new version of the Ethereum mainnet on 20 July 2016 with an irregular state change implemented that erased The DAO theft from the Ethereum blockchain history. The Ethereum Foundation applied their trademark to the new, altered version of the Ethereum blockchain; Ethereum (code: ETH). The older, unaltered version of Ethereum was renamed and continued on as Ethereum Classic (code: ETC). Ethereum Classic's native Ether token is a cryptocurrency traded on digital currency exchanges under the currency code ETC. Ether is created as a reward to network nodes for a process known as "mining", which validates computations performed on Ethereum Classic's EVM. Implemented on 11 December 2017, the current ETC monetary policy seeks the same goals as bitcoin of being mechanical, algorithmic, and capped. ETC can be exchanged for network transaction fees or other assets, commodities, currencies, products, and services. Ethereum Classic provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which can execute scripts using an international network of public nodes. The virtual machine's instruction set is Turing-complete in contrast to others like bitcoin script. Gas, an internal transaction pricing mechanism, is used to mitigate spam and allocate resources on the network.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Social Network
A social network refers to a structure of social relationships and interactions among individuals, groups, or organizations. These relationships are characterized by connections, ties, or links that facilitate communication, exchange, and interaction within a network of interconnected nodes. Social networks can vary in size, complexity, and purpose, encompassing a wide range of interpersonal, professional, and community-based connections.
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Internet of Wearable Things
The Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) aims to improve people’s quality of daily life. It involves sensors fitted into wearable devices, monitoring the individual’s activity, health factors, and other things. 
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder
L-carnitine plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system, and especially in the mitochondrial metabolism of fatty acids. Altered carnitine metabolism, abnormal fatty acid metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been documented. ASD is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that is usually diagnosed in early childhood. Patients with ASD require careful classification as this heterogeneous clinical category may include patients with an intellectual disability or high functioning, epilepsy, language impairments, or associated Mendelian genetic conditions. L-carnitine participates in the long-chain oxidation of fatty acids in the brain, stimulates acetylcholine synthesis (donor of the acyl groups), stimulates expression of growth-associated protein-43, prevents cell apoptosis and neuron damage and stimulates neurotransmission.
  • 2.6K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of the SARS Outbreak
The following is a timeline of the 2002–04 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
  • 2.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Superhydrophobic Surface
Superhydrophobic surfaces are proposed to be ideal blood-compatible biomaterials attributed to their beneficial characteristics.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Role of Microbiomes in Skin Aging
The skin has a multifactorial aging process, caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. A major theory of aging involves cellular senescence or apoptosis resulting from oxidative damage as the skin’s antioxidant system tends to weaken with age. The human microbiota is a complex ecosystem that is made up of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses). Both gut and skin microbiota have essential roles in the protection against invading pathogens, mediating inflammatory conditions, and the modulation of the immune system which is involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. 
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Jewish Views on Marriage
The Jewish view on marriage, historically, provided Biblically mandated rights to the wife which were accepted by the husband. A marriage was ended either because of a divorce document given by the man to his wife, or by the death of either party. Certain details, primarily as protections for the wife, were added in Talmudic times. Non-Orthodox developments have brought changes in who may marry whom. Intermarriage is not encouraged.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Maned Wolf
The Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is a distinctive canid species native to South America, particularly inhabiting grasslands and savannas. Despite its name, the Maned Wolf is not closely related to wolves but represents a unique evolutionary lineage within the canid family. Recognizable for its long, slender legs, reddish-brown fur, and distinctive black mane, this solitary omnivore plays a crucial role in its ecosystem as both a predator and a seed disperser.
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Enzymatic Antioxidant
Plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. 
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Field Robots for Intelligent Farms
Field robots for use in intelligent farms can be of two types: mobile robots, capable of moving throughout the working field, and manipulators, normally attached to mobile robots and capable of performing some types of actions on crops. Mobile robots can be unmanned ground robots or unmanned aerial robots, whereas manipulators can follow diverse techniques that provide different characteristics: (1) rigid manipulators; (2) soft manipulators; (3) parallel robots; (4) dual-arm manipulators; (5) redundant, hyperredundant, or continuum manipulators; etc 
  • 2.6K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Metal Hydrides
A metal hydride is a compound formed between a metal and hydrogen, in which the hydrogen atoms are bonded to the metal atoms through chemical bonds. Metal hydrides have a wide range of applications as energy storage materials, catalysts, and structural materials.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Apr 2023
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