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Topic Review
Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Mortality in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (CS) remains high, reaching 40–50%. In refractory CS, active mechanical circulatory support devices including veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) are rapidly evolving. However, supporting evidence of VAECMO therapy in infarct-related CS is low. The basics of VA-ECMO therapy, current evidence, ongoing trials, patient selection and potential complications warrant focus.
  • 624
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
POPDC Proteins in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction
The Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) gene family, consisting of Popdc1 (also known as Bves), Popdc2, and Popdc3, encodes transmembrane proteins abundantly expressed in striated muscle. POPDC proteins have recently been identified as cAMP effector proteins and have been proposed to be part of the protein network involved in cAMP signaling. However, their exact biochemical activity is presently poorly understood.
  • 619
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Remodeling and Repair
Repairing cardiac damage and restoring heart function includes cell-based, non-cellular, induced adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and manipulation of cardiac remodeling. Though there has been significant success in delineating the mechanism of cardiac injury and protection against acute ischemic injury, an efficient therapeutic intervention is still unavailable.
  • 619
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota/Sex Hormone in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for a large incidence of death cases in both men and women worldwide. Even though age-adjusted CVD mortality rates are higher in men compared to premenopausal women, the midlife period, coincident with the menopause transition, leads to a significant increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors also in women. Many studies have demonstrated the association between specific gut microbiota (GM) signature and several CVD manifestations, highlighting the potential roles of bacteria in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, and cardiometabolic (CM) disorders. Unfortunately, most studies linking GM dysbiosis to CVD risk factors and focused on gender difference were performed in preclinical mouse models rather than in humans.
  • 619
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Performances of Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with stable prevalence despite prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances. While echocardiography remains the first line imaging technique, especially in native valve endocarditis, the incremental value of two nuclear imaging techniques, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and white blood cells single photon emission tomography with computed tomography (WBC-SPECT), has emerged for the management of prosthetic valve and CIED IE.
  • 618
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radiation-Induced Heart Disease
Cancer incidence and survivorship have had a rising tendency over the last two decades due to better treatment modalities. One of these is radiation therapy (RT). Radiation to the heart is a common complication of RT, especially in patients with lymphoma, breast, lung, and esophageal cancer. 
  • 618
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Current Knowledge of Enterococcal Endocarditis
Enterococci are a unique type of bacteria due to their ability to withstand a broad range of different environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, bile acids, and so on. They are resistant to many antibiotic compounds and have the flexibility to flourish as both common commensal and opportunistic pathogens in a broad range of clinical settings.
  • 616
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is considered a major health care problem with frequent decompensations, high hospitalization and mortality rates. In severe heart failure (HF), the symptoms are refractory to medical treatment and require advanced therapeutic strategies. Early recognition of HF sub- and decompensation is the cornerstone of the timely treatment intensification and, therefore, improvement in the prognosis. Echocardiography is the gold standard for the assessment of systolic and diastolic functions. It allows one to obtain accurate and non-invasive measurements of the ventricular function in HF.
  • 615
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
General Considerations Regarding Heart Failure Treatment and Strategies
Since the prevalence of heart failure (HF) increases with age, HF is now one of the most common reasons for the hospitalization of elderly people. Although the treatment strategies and overall outcomes of HF patients have improved over time, hospitalization and mortality rates remain elevated, especially in developed countries where populations are aging.
  • 614
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacometabolomics of Lipid-Lowering Therapies
Lipid-lowering therapies are widely used to prevent the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and related mortality worldwide. “Omics” technologies have been successfully applied to investigate the mechanisms of action of these drugs, their pleiotropic effects, and their side effects, aiming to identify novel targets for future personalized medicine with an improvement of the efficacy and safety associated with the treatment. Pharmacometabolomics is a branch of metabolomics that is focused on the study of drug effects on metabolic pathways that are implicated in the variation of response to the treatment considering also the influences from a specific disease, environment, and concomitant pharmacological therapies. The integration of pharmacometabolomics data with the information obtained from the other “omics” approaches could help in the comprehension of the biological mechanisms underlying the use of lipid-lowering drugs in view of defining a precision medicine to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects associated with the treatment.
  • 614
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Chronic Coronary Syndrome
Coronary artery disease is still a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide. In the setting of chronic coronary disease, demonstration of inducible ischemia is mandatory to address treatment. Consequently, scientific and technological efforts were made in response to the request for non-invasive diagnostic tools with better sensitivity and specificity. Clinicians have at their disposal a wide range of stress-imaging techniques. Among others, stress cardiac magnetic resonance (S-CMR) and computed tomography perfusion (CTP) techniques both demonstrated their diagnostic efficacy and prognostic value in clinical trials when compared to other non-invasive ischemia-assessing techniques and invasive fractional flow reserve measurement techniques. 
  • 614
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Cardiovascular Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printing plays an important role in cardiovascular disease through the use of personalised models that replicate the normal anatomy and its pathology with high accuracy and reliability. 3D bioprinting represents a promising field that could revolutionise the future of cardiovascular disease treatment. Three-dimensional bioprinting uses mostly the same additive manufacturing technologies but prints functional living structures from biological components such as living cells, biomaterials and growth factors.
  • 614
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Stem Cell Studies in Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine
Resident macrophages can trigger cell regeneration. As macrophages express chemokine receptors, chemokines are also important in the regulation of macrophages. Exosomes are used for cell-cell communication in macrophages and the surrounding cells. Therefore, macrophages may play a key role in regenerative medicine in the future.
  • 613
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
C is a valuable and versatile tool used in the classification of HF; these tests characterize the dynamic interactions between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic systems during physical exertion. This testing involves the systematic measurement of respiratory gases, heart rate, and other physiological parameters during controlled exercise. This non-invasive assessment provides a comprehensive evaluation of exercise capacity and helps identify abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function that may not be apparent at rest. 
  • 613
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosing Atrial Fibrillation by Artificial Intelligence
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia affecting 8–10% of the population older than 80 years old. The importance of early diagnosis of atrial fibrillation has been broadly recognized since arrhythmias significantly increase the risk of stroke, heart failure and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy with reduced cardiac function. The development of wearable devices has provided a reliable way for healthcare providers to uncover undiagnosed atrial fibrillation in the population, especially those most at risk. Furthermore, with the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the technology is now able to utilize the database in assisting detection of arrhythmias from the data collected by the devices.
  • 612
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Off-Target Effects of P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors
Ischemic heart disease holds the foremost position as the primary contributor to mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, it constitutes the predominant underlying cause of heart failure on a global scale. Diverging from other tissues, the myocardium demonstrates a markedly limited ability to regenerate in the aftermath of injuries. Consequently, necrotic cardiomyocytes are replaced by fibrotic scar tissue in the cardiac repair process, which can lead to an adverse cardiac remodeling. Different cell types, including fibroblasts and macrophages, are involved in this process and play a pivotal role by releasing a wide array of mediators (i.e., cytokines) that regulate the activation of multiple molecular pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, involved in cardiac fibrosis. For this reason, the modulation of these pathways might be effective in promoting the replacement of fibrosis in reactive tissue. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), consisting of the combination of a platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and aspirin, is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) requiring percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). P2Y12 receptor activation, a platelet purinergic receptor for adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), significantly contributes to the arterial thrombosis process. 
  • 612
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Intervention Complications and Challenges
Since the first in man transcatheter aortic valve intervention (TAVI) performed by Dr. Alain Cribier in 2002 in a non-operable aortic stenosis (AS) patient, TAVI has changed the lives of so many patients for whom medical treatment was, up to then, the only option.
  • 611
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Integrity in Right Heart Failure Development
Molecular processes underlying right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (RVD) and right heart failure (RHF) need to be understood to develop tailored therapies for the abatement of mortality of a growing patient population. Today, the armament to combat RHF is poor, despite the advancing identification of pathomechanistic processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction implying diminished energy yield, the enhanced release of reactive oxygen species, and inefficient substrate metabolism emerges as a potentially significant cardiomyocyte subcellular protagonist in RHF development. Dependent on the course of the disease, mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate utilization, redox balance, and oxidative phosphorylation are affected.
  • 610
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Obesity Medicinal Plants
Inflammation is a crucial factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiac remodeling in the presence of persistent inflammation leads to myocardial fibrosis and extracellular matrix changes, which reduce cardiac function, induce arrhythmias, and finally, cause heart failure. Medicinal plants and phytochemicals can cure and prevent obesity and inflammation. In comparison to conventional therapies, the synergistic effects of several phytochemicals boost their bioavailability and impact numerous cellular and molecular targets.
  • 607
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Infections
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is the last discovered member of the family of proprotein convertases (PCs), mainly synthetized in hepatic cells. This serine protease plays a pivotal role in the reduction of the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) on the surface of hepatocytes, which leads to an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood. 
  • 606
  • 02 Apr 2022
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