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Topic Review
Citric Acid Production by Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast
Citric acid (CA) and its derivatives, including salts and esters, are in high demand across various manufacturing sectors. The fungus Aspergillus niger is mainly used for the commercial production of CA, using sucrose and molasses as the primary carbon sources. Since the 1960s, researchers have been working intensively to introduce Yarrowia lipolytica yeast as an alternative to traditional fungal technology.
  • 561
  • 11 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Conventional and Modern Methods for Management of Sepsis
Sepsis is one of the deadliest disorders in the 21th century due to specific limitations in early and differential diagnosis. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming the dominant threat to human health globally. The only way to encounter the spread and emergence of AMR is through the active detection and identification of the pathogen along with the quantification of resistance. For better management of such disease, there is an essential requirement to approach many suitable diagnostic techniques for the proper administration of antibiotics and elimination of these infectious diseases. 
  • 559
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Catalysts and Biocatalysts Combinations for Hydrocarbon Pollutants Elimination
Due to the presence of environmental problems, it is urgent to improve the processes aimed at the processing and purification of hydrocarbon-containing wastes and wastewaters. 
  • 557
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Isoenzymic Diketocamphane Monooxygenases of Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453
Researching the involvement of molecular oxygen in the degradation of the naturally occurring bicyclic terpene camphor has generated a six-decade history of fascinating monooxygenase biochemistry. While an extensive bibliography exists reporting the many varied studies on camphor 5-monooxygenase, the initiating enzyme of the relevant catabolic pathway in Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17453, the equivalent recorded history of the isoenzymic diketocamphane monooxygenases, the enzymes that facilitate the initial ring cleavage of the bicyclic terpene, is both less extensive and more enigmatic. First referred to as ‘ketolactonase—an enzyme for cyclic lactonization’—the enzyme now classified as 2,5-diketocamphane 1,2-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.108) holds a special place in the history of oxygen-dependent biochemistry, being the first biocatalyst confirmed to undertake a biooxygenation reaction equivalent to the peracid-catalysed Baeyer–Villiger chemical oxidation first reported in the late 19th century. However, following that auspicious beginning, the biochemistry of EC 1.14.14.108, and its isoenzymic partner 3,6-diketocamphane 1,6-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.155) was dogged for many years by the mistaken belief that the enzymes were true flavoproteins that function with a tightly-bound flavin cofactor in the active site. This misconception led to a number of erroneous interpretations of relevant experimental data. It is only in the last decade, initially as the result of pure serendipity, that these enzymes have been confirmed to be members of a relatively recently discovered class of oxygen-dependent enzymes, the flavin-dependent two-component monooxygenases. 
  • 555
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Overcoming Antibody Escaped Mutations Based SARS-CoV-2 Waves
 ACE2 coupling, and the S protein cleavage site, as targets for the development of nano-enabled solutions that, for example, prevent viral attachment and fusion with the host cell by either blocking viral RBD/spike proteins or cellular ACE2 receptors.
  • 553
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
RNA Silencing Suppression in Plant Virus Interaction
RNA silencing is as an adaptive immune response in plants that limits the accumulation or spread of invading viruses. Successful virus infection entails countering the RNA silencing machinery for efficient replication and systemic spread in the host. Tungro is a viral disease caused by a complex of two viruses. The Rice tungro bacilliform virus  (RTBV) is the major determinant of the disease while Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) accentuates the symptoms. The RTBV ORF-IV is a weak suppressor of host silencing, but its suppression activity is augmented in the presence of RTSV protease, and coat protein 3. RTSV components might also have a possible role in enhancing the suppression of the cell-to-cell spread of silencing. 
  • 549
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Agroecosystems enhance AMR
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are hotspots for the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) between different bacterial taxa in the environment. Propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health issue that needs special attention concerning horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under micro-nano plastics (MNPs) pressure. Interactions between MNPs and microbes, or mere persistence of MNPs in the environment (either water or soil), influence microbial gene expressions, affecting autochthonous microbiomes, their resistomes, and the overall ecosystem.
  • 547
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Particulate Systems for Administration of Vaccines and Therapeutics
The use of particles to develop vaccines and treatments for a wide variety of diseases has increased, and their success has been demonstrated in preclinical investigations. Accurately targeting cells and minimizing doses and adverse side effects, while inducing an adequate biological response, are important advantages that particulate systems offer. The most used particulate systems are liposomes and their derivatives, immunostimulatory complexes, virus-like particles, and organic or inorganic nano- and microparticles. 
  • 546
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Heterologous Expression and Production of Oxidoreductase Enzymes
Enzymes are biocatalysts with complex structures and specific catalytic mechanisms that determine their distinctive properties, such as high catalytic activity and selectivity of specific substrates. Oxidoreductase (OXR) enzymes are in high demand for biocatalytic applications in the food industry and cosmetics (glucose oxidase (GOx) and cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH)), bioremediations (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and laccase (LAC)), and medicine for biosensors and miniature biofuel cells (GOx, CDH, LAC, and HRP). Therefore, scientists are still trying to find optimal fermentation formulas and, most recently, also using protein engineering and directed evolution for an additional increase in the yield of recombinant enzyme production. 
  • 545
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Single-Cell Analysis and Application
Biological parameters extracted from electrical signals from various body parts have been used for many years to analyze the human body and its behavior. In addition, electrical signals from cancer cell lines, normal cells, and viruses, among others, have been widely used for the detection of various diseases. Single-cell parameters such as cell and cytoplasmic conductivity, relaxation frequency, and membrane capacitance are important.
  • 535
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Colorimetric Whole-Cell Biosensors
Colorimetric whole-cell biosensors are natural or genetically engineered microorganisms utilized to detect target molecules and ions as indicators of pollutants and biological activity in the environment. Upon detection, within specific concentration ranges which vary depending on the microorganism and its genetic circuitry among other factors, these sensors produce pigments which can be detected with the human eye past certain thresholds and quantified using simple analytical techniques, namely spectrophotometry. These sensors, which can be rendered portable through lyophilization and other methods, provide valuable and reliable substitutes of more demanding analytical ex situ techniques. 
  • 529
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Prevalence and Toxicity of Metalloids
Metalloids are released into the environment due to the erosion of the rocks or anthropogenic activities, causing problems for human health in different world regions.
  • 526
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Virus Manipulation Using Electric Fields
Studying the mechanisms of virus deactivation could have huge benefits for battling pandemics such as COVID-19. Using electric fields as a tool may allow us to integrate the trapping, sampling and inactivation of viruses on a single microchip platform.
  • 515
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
The Plethora of Microbes with Anti-Inflammatory Activities
Inflammation, which has important functions in human defense systems and in maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of the body, has become a major risk factor for the progression of many chronic diseases. Although the applied medical products alleviate the general status, they still exert adverse effects in the long term. For this reason, the solution should be sought in more harmless and affordable agents. Microorganisms offer a wide range of active substances with anti-inflammatory properties. They confer important advantages such as their renewable and inexhaustible nature.
  • 510
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Using CO2 for Biomanufacturing of Fuels and Chemicals
Microbial cell factories offer an eco-friendly alternative for transforming raw materials into commercially valuable products because of their reduced carbon impact compared to conventional industrial procedures. These systems often depend on lignocellulosic feedstocks, mainly pentose and hexose sugars. One major hurdle when utilizing these sugars, especially glucose, is balancing carbon allocation to satisfy energy, cofactor, and other essential component needs for cellular proliferation while maintaining a robust yield. Nearly half or more of this carbon is inevitably lost as CO2 during the biosynthesis of regular metabolic necessities. This loss lowers the production yield and compromises the benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions—a fundamental advantage of biomanufacturing.
  • 508
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Open Hardware for Microfluidics
Open-source hardware has gained increasing attention in multiple scientific fields and notably in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip research and applications. Free open-source software and hardware (FOSS and FOSH) now offer the opportunity to develop affordable scientific devices and laboratory equipment in-house.
  • 501
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Aspects of Hepatitis E Virus
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive RNA virus. The HEV is the causing agent of hepatitis, with a high prevalence rate in low-income countries due to poor sanitary conditions. It can exhibit acute, continuous, or extrahepatic consequences in immunocompromised individuals such as those undergoing organ transplantation and having HIV infection. HEV infection is either self-limiting (silent), meaning the patient will possibly recover on his own, or symptomatic, causing acute liver injury or fulminant hepatitis, and may eventually cause death. It can also cause chronic hepatitis that can progress to cirrhosis or recovery. Pregnancy-related HEV infection has an incidence rate of 30%. HEV escape from innate immunity, hormonal imbalances, defective monocyte–macrophage function, downregulation of the T-cell-mediated immune system, high cytokine production, nutritional factors, and socioeconomic conditions may play fundamental roles in the prevalence of HEV infection. It is necessary to take particular measures to reduce the incidence burden of HEV infection in high endemic locations. 
  • 480
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Enhancing Biomass-Based Products through Metabolic Engineering
Living biological systems are fundamentally made up of information molecules and a series of enzymatic reactions. Numerous interconnected metabolic pathways simultaneously synthesize and break down thousands of organic macromolecules during cellular metabolic activity. In consequence, the expression of a native catabolic or anabolic pathway can be increased to boost the production of target compounds in an organism, or a pathway can be transferred from another organism. Additionally, genes can be knocked out using techniques such as homologous recombination or RNAi, which aims to reduce the mRNA of the unwanted protein. This can reduce carbon leakage and stop the production of unwanted compounds. Bacteria, yeast, and microalgae have been extensively studied for their potential to convert renewable biomass into high-added-value products. The metabolic pathways of these microorganisms have been manipulated to optimize the production of specific by-products. The use of these microorganisms as biofactories is attractive due to their rapid growth rate, high metabolic flexibility, and ability to produce a wide range of products. Their products have the potential to replace petroleum-based materials with sustainable, renewable alternatives and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.
  • 463
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based Films and Hydrogels for Wound Healing
Skin is constantly exposed to injury and infectious agents that can compromise its structural integrity and cause wounds. When this occurs, microorganisms from the skin microbiota and external bacteria and fungi can penetrate the wound and cause an infection, which complicates the healing process. Nowadays, there are several types of wound dressings available to treat wounds, some of which are incorporated with antimicrobial agents. However, the number of microorganisms resistant to these substances is rising. Therefore, the search for new, natural alternatives such as essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts (PEs) is on the rise. 
  • 454
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Use of Aptamers for Targeted Theranostic in Cancer
Aptamers are short, single-stranded oligonucleotides synthesized in vitro from a randomized oligonucleotide library against a specific target. These molecules are capable of binding to a wide range of biological targets with high specificity and affinity. They present great advantages over antibodies with potential applications in research, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Specifically for tumors with late-stage identification and poor prognosis, like pancreatic cancer, the study of novel aptamers holds tremendous potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Along with cancer treatment, aptamers have also shown high potential in regulating the immune response and modulating several critical steps of signaling cascades, such as in immune checkpoints.
  • 442
  • 20 Nov 2023
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