Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Human Remains Detection Dogs
Human remains detection dogs (HRDDs) are powerful police assets to locate a corpse. However, methods used to select and train them are as diverse as the number of countries with such a canine brigade. First, a survey was sent to human remains searching brigades (N Countries = 10; N Brigades = 16; N Handlers = 50; N questions = 9), to collect their working habits. It confirmed the lack of optimized selection and training procedures. Second, a literature review was performed in order to outline the strengths and shortcomings of HRDDs training. A comparison between the scientific knowledge and common practices used by HRDDs brigade was then conducted focusing on HRDDs selection and training procedures. We highlighted that HRDD handlers explained to select their dogs by focusing on behavioral traits while neglecting anatomical features, which have shown their importance. Most HRDD handlers reported to use a reward-based training, which is in accordance with training literature for dogs. Olfactory training aids should be representative of the odor target to allow a dog to reach optimal performances. The survey highlighted the wide diversity of homemade olfactory training aids, and the need to optimize their composition. In the present document, key research topics to improve HRDD works are also provided.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Social Networking and Psychology
Social media began in the form of generalized online communities. These online communities formed on websites like Geocities.com in 1994, Theglobe.com in 1995, and Tripod.com in 1995. Many of these early communities focused on social interaction by bringing people together through the use of chat rooms. The chat rooms encouraged users to share personal information, ideas, or even personal web pages. Later the social networking community Classmates took a different approach by simply having people link to each other by using their personal email addresses. By the late 1990s, social networking websites began to develop more advanced features to help users find and manage friends. These newer generation of social networking websites began to flourish with the emergence of SixDegrees.com in 1997, Makeoutclub in 2000, Hub Culture in 2002, and Friendster in 2002. However, the first profitable mass social networking website was the South Korean service, Cyworld. Cyworld initially launched as a blog-based website in 1999 and social networking features were added to the website in 2001. Other social networking websites emerged like Myspace in 2002, LinkedIn in 2003, and Bebo in 2005. In 2009, the social networking website Facebook (launched in 2004) became the largest social networking website in the world. Active users of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to over 750 million by the year 2011. Making internet-based social networking both a cultural and financial phenomenon.
  • 2.7K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Common Techniques for Biolubricant Production
Lubricants can be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or semi-fluid (greases). The former is used when it is difficult to maintain contact with the fluid, while the latter is used in situations where liquid lubricants are not applicable. According to the UNE-EN 16807 standard, the term “bio” is considered synonymous with good for the environment. Its use in lubricants is linked to its environmental properties; therefore, it is expected that all compounds called bio-lubricants will degrade in the environment. 
  • 2.7K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
E-Textiles for Sports and Fitness Sensing
E-textiles have emerged as a fast-growing area in wearable technology for sports and fitness due to the soft and comfortable nature of textile materials and the capability for smart functionality to be integrated into familiar sports clothing.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
C1 and P1 (Neuroscience)
The C1 and P1 (also called the P100) are two human scalp-recorded event-related brain potential (event-related potential (ERP)) components, collected by means of a technique called electroencephalography (EEG). The C1 is named so because it was the first component in a series of components found to respond to visual stimuli when it was first discovered. It can be a negative-going component (when using a mastoid reference point) or a positive going component with its peak normally observed in the 65–90 ms range post-stimulus onset. The P1 is called the P1 because it is the first positive-going component (when also using a mastoid reference point) and its peak is normally observed in around 100 ms. Both components are related to processing of visual stimuli and are under the category of potentials called visually evoked potentials (VEPs). Both components are theorized to be evoked within the visual cortices of the brain with C1 being linked to the primary visual cortex (striate cortex) of the human brain and the P1 being linked to other visual areas (Extrastriate cortex). One of the primary distinctions between these two components is that, whereas the P1 can be modulated by attention, the C1 has been typically found to be invariable to different levels of attention.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Glycosylation in Plant Development
The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Psychometric Investigation of the Workplace Social Courage Scale
One such courage dimension relevant to most workplaces is social courage. Howard and colleagues created a scale for assessing social courage. The Workplace Social Courage Scale (WSCS) consists of 11 items on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 strongly disagree to 7 strongly agree) and showed satisfactory psychometric properties in the validation study. The scale has been used to further investigate the nature of social courage.
  • 2.7K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Photoplethysmography
Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century.
  • 2.7K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Neo-Ottomanism
Neo-Ottomanism (Turkish: Yeni Osmanlıcılık or neo-Osmanlıcılık) is a reactionary, revisionist, monarchist, conservative and Islamist political ideology in Turkey that discredits the Turkish secular nationalist republic and its reforms, and glorifies the Ottoman dynasty and its traditionalist establishments like the caliphate. It is also an irredentist and imperialist Turkish political ideology that, in its broadest sense, advocates to honor the Ottoman past of Turkey and promotes greater political engagement of the Republic of Turkey within regions formerly under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the predecessor state that covered the territory of modern Turkey among others. The term has been associated with Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's irredentist, interventionist and expansionist foreign policy in the Eastern Mediterranean and the neighboring Cyprus, Greece, Iraq, Syria, as well as in Africa, including Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh. However, the term has been rejected by members of the Erdoğan Government, such as the former Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu and Parliament Speaker Mustafa Şentop.
  • 2.7K
  • 01 Jan 2026
Topic Review
Orchid Micropropagation Using Temporary Immersion System
Temporary immersion system (TIS) overcomes the limitations of SS and liquid culture systems by temporarily submerging the plants in the liquid medium for shorter periods, followed by exposing them directly to the gaseous environment by draining the liquid medium. The shorter immersion time and more prolonged gas exposure lower the detrimental effects of hyperhydricity and asphyxia on plants, providing optimal environmental conditions for efficient nutrient absorption under the least liquid contact. Greater gas exposure improves oxygen transport to cultured cells minimizing oxygen limitation and lowering the asphyxia effect on the plant tissues in TIS. Furthermore, enhancing headspace with carbon dioxide (CO2) and culture agitation by hydrodynamic forces without mechanical devices in TIS allows normal development and increases plant tissue multiplication with regular photosynthetic activities and minor shear stress.
  • 2.7K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Plasmid DNA for Therapeutic Applications in Cancer
Plasmid DNA can be developed to treat different diseases, such as infections and cancer. In most cancers, the immune system is limited or suppressed, allowing cancer cells to grow. DNA vaccination has demonstrated its capacity to stimulate the immune system to fight against cancer cells.
  • 2.7K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Aerobic Granular Sludge
The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) method, which has been developed for several years, may represent an alternative to traditional technologies. One of the barriers to AGS deployment is the limited knowledge on the determinants and efficiency of the anaerobic digestion (AD) of AGS, as little research has been devoted to it.
  • 2.7K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Transit
File:Moon transit of sun large.ogv In astronomy, a transit (or astronomical transit) is a phenomenon when a celestial body passes directly between a larger body and the observer. As viewed from a particular vantage point, the transiting body appears to move across the face of the larger body, covering a small portion of it. The word "transit" refers to cases where the nearer object appears smaller than the more distant object. Cases where the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object are known as occultations. However, the probability of seeing a transiting planet is low because it is dependent on the alignment of the three objects in a nearly perfectly straight line. Many parameters of a planet and its parent star can be determined based on the transit.
  • 2.7K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Waterlogging Impacts on Crop Growth
Waterlogging has the greatest impact on photosynthesis, followed by phenology and leaf expansion, suggesting a need for improved equations linking waterlogging to carbon assimilation. In agricultural fields, soil waterlogging can occur for many reasons. These may include excessive rainfall or irrigation, poor soil drainage, rising or perched water tables, as well as lateral surface or subsurface flows. This may lead to reduced oxygen within soil pores, causing reduced growth and, sometimes, crop death. 
  • 2.7K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Iperius Backup
Iperius Backup is a backup software for Windows PCs and Servers, databases and virtual machines. It allows to make automatic backups of files and folders on many devices: external USB hard drives, RDX drives, NAS, LTO tape drives, networked computers, Cloud storage, Amazon S3, Google Drive and FTP servers. Iperius Backup includes drive imaging capabilities, backup of SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle databases, backup of Microsoft Exchange servers, backup and replication of VMware ESXi, vCenter, ESXi Free and Hyper-V virtual machines.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Search Engine Manipulation Effect
The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) is the change in consumer preferences from manipulations of search results by search engine providers. SEME is one of the largest behavioral effects ever discovered. This includes voting preferences. A 2015 study indicated that such manipulations could shift the voting preferences of undecided voters by 20 percent or more and up to 80 percent in some demographics. The study estimated that this could change the outcome of upwards of 25 percent of national elections worldwide. On the other hand, Google denies secretly re-ranking search results to manipulate user sentiment, or tweaking ranking specially for elections or political candidates.
  • 2.7K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Biography
Boris Stoyanov
Boris Stoyanov is a theoretical physicist working on Membrane Theory, Supergravity and Superstring Theory. He is the Principal and Permanent Member of SUGRA INSTITUTE, Executive Director of BRANE HEPLAB and the Giordano Bruno Professor of Membrane Theory at DARK MODULI INSTITUTE. Boris Stoyanov is a relatively young theoretical physicist dealing with the exclusive theories of supergravity, super
  • 2.7K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Yukon Wolf
The North American wolf Canis lupus pambasileus is a subspecies of gray wolf that is called the Yukon wolf in Canada and the Alaskan Interior wolf in the United States. It is native to the Alaska Interior and Yukon, save for the tundra region of the Arctic Coast.
  • 2.7K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Biography
Günter Nimtz
Günter Nimtz (born 22 September 1936) is a German physicist, working at the 2nd Physics Institute at the University of Cologne in Germany. He has investigated narrow-gap semiconductors and liquid crystals and was engaged in several interdisciplinary studies on the effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in biological systems. His international reputation mainly results from experiments
  • 2.7K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids v(ω-3 FAs) such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and omega-6 fatty acids (ω-6 FAs) such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid are important fatty acids responsible for positive effects on human health. The main sources of ω-3 FAs and ω-6 FAs are marine-based products, especially fish oils.
  • 2.7K
  • 25 Jul 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2863
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Write an Entry
Feedback