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Topic Review
Machine-Vision-Based Leather Surface Defect Inspection
Machine-vision-based surface defect inspection is one of the key technologies to realize intelligent manufacturing. Leather products are regarded as the most traded products all over the world. Automatic detection, location, and recognition of leather surface defects are very important for the intelligent manufacturing of leather products, and are challenging but noteworthy tasks. Machine-learning-based defect inspection methods include three main links in industrial applications: data annotation, model training, and model inference. Real-time performance in real industrial applications focuses more on this part of model inference.
  • 2.8K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ordnance Survey
Ordnance Survey (OS) is the national mapping agency for Great Britain. The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see ordnance and surveying), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the Jacobite rising of 1745. There was also a more general and nationwide need in light of the potential threat of invasion during the Napoleonic Wars. Since 1 April 2015 Ordnance Survey has operated as Ordnance Survey Ltd, a government-owned company, 100% in public ownership. The Ordnance Survey Board remains accountable to the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. It was also a member of the Public Data Group. Paper maps for walkers represent only 5% of OS' annual revenue. They produce digital map data, online route planning and sharing services and mobile apps, plus many other location-based products for business, government and consumers. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as either "large-scale" (in other words, more detailed) or "small-scale". The Survey's large-scale mapping comprises 1:2,500 maps for urban areas and 1:10,000 more generally. (The latter superseded the 1:10,560 "six inches to the mile" scale in the 1950s.) These large scale maps are typically used in professional land-use contexts and were available as sheets until the 1980s, when they were digitised. Small-scale mapping for leisure use includes the 1:25,000 "Explorer" series, the 1:50,000 "Landranger" series and the 1:250,000 road maps. These are still available in traditional sheet form. Ordnance Survey maps remain in copyright for fifty years after their publication. Some of the Copyright Libraries hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital OS mapping.
  • 2.8K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fruit and Smart Packaging
Smart packaging of fresh produce is an emerging technology targeting the reduction of waste and the preservation of consumer health and safety. Smart packaging systems also help to prolong the shelf life of perishable foods during transport and mass storage, which are difficult to regulate. The use of these ever-progressing technologies in the packaging of fruits has the potential to result in many positive consequences, including improved fruit quality, reduced waste, higher consumer confidence and associated improved public health. 
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
LINC Complex in Sperm Development
The LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex is localized within the nuclear envelope and consists of SUN (Sad1/UNc84 homology domain-containing) proteins located in the inner nuclear membrane and KASH (Klarsicht/Anc1/Syne1 homology domain-containing) proteins located in the outer nuclear membrane, hence linking nuclear with cytoplasmic structures. While the nucleoplasm-facing side acts as a key player for correct pairing of homolog chromosomes and rapid chromosome movements during meiosis, the cytoplasm-facing side plays a pivotal role for sperm head development and proper acrosome formation during spermiogenesis. A further complex present in spermatozoa is involved in head-to-tail coupling. An intact LINC complex is crucial for the production of fertile sperm, as mutations in genes encoding for complex proteins are known to be associated with male subfertility in both mice and men.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Ironmaking Process
Fe is extracted from Fe ore and converted into alloys. This metallurgical process is important. The raw materials of the iron-bearing mineral are introduced in the blast furnace (BF), wherein aside from Fe and C, other elements are also subjected to roasting in the furnace.
  • 2.8K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Detection of Colorectal Cancer
Drug-specific therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer (CRC) have contributed to a significant improvement in the health status of patients. However, a great need to improve personalization of treatments based on genetic and epigenetic tumor profiles to maximize quality and efficacy while limiting cytotoxicity remains. Currently, CEA and CA 19-9 are the only validated blood biomarkers in clinical practice. For this reason, laboratories are trying to identify new specific prognostic and, more importantly, predictive biomarkers for CRC patient profiles. Thus, the unique landscape of personalized biomarker data should have a clinical impact on CRC treatment strategies and molecular genetic screening tests should become the standard method for CRC diagnosis, as well as detection of disease progression.
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Quantum Computing Supremacy in the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) strongly influences the world economy; this emphasizes the importance of securing all four aspects of the IoT model: sensors, networks, cloud, and applications. Considering the significant value of public-key cryptography threats on IoT system confidentiality, it is vital to secure it. One of the potential candidates to assist in securing public key cryptography in IoT is quantum computing. Although the notion of IoT and quantum computing convergence is not new, it has been referenced in various works of literature and covered by many scholars. Quantum computing eliminates most of the challenges in IoT.
  • 2.8K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Green Bioprocessing of Algae-Derived Biopolymers
Algae-based biopolymers may be modified by adding additives, plasticizers, and compatibilizers to enhance the intermolecular force of contact between components, and boost material strength, flexibility, and durability. Moreover, biopolymers are widely used in cosmetics, medicines, and food packaging. Furthermore, algal biopolymer could be used as a food additive due to its high nutritional content.
  • 2.8K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Euphorbia
Euphorbia genus (Euphorbiaceae family), which is the third largest genus of angiosperm plants comprising ca. 2000 recognized species, is used all over the world in traditional medicine, especially in the traditional Chinese medicine. Members of this taxa are promptly recognizable by their specialized inflorescences and latex. In this review, an overview of Euphorbia-derived natural products such as essential oils, extracts, and pure compounds, active in a broad range of biological activities, and with potential usages in health maintenance, is described. The chemical composition of essential oils from Euphorbia species revealed the presence of more than 80 phytochemicals, mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons, while Euphorbia extracts contain secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, and other polyphenols. 
  • 2.8K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twin in Supply Chain and Logistics
A digital twin is a virtual representation that replicates a physical object or process over a period of time. These tools directly assist in reducing the manufacturing and supply chain lead time to produce a lean, flexible, and smart production and supply chain setting. Digital twin technology creates relatively close connectivity between both the virtual and physical worlds, allowing you to monitor and command systems and components remotely. Moreover, it is now possible to run simulation models to test and forecast resource and process-related changes in various “what-if” scenarios. Hence, organizations are now getting significant benefits from digital twin technology that assists in mapping and analyzing details related to operations performance, product and service innovation, and shorter on time delivery.
  • 2.8K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ratio of Fatty Acids in Different Foods
The biological effects of the ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are mediated by their mutual interactions, but it is unclear whether the dietary ratio of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids is important for human health.
  • 2.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Shinbutsu-shūgō
Shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合, "syncretism of kami and buddhas"), also called Shinbutsu-konkō (神仏混淆, "jumbling up" or "contamination of kami and buddhas"), is the syncretism of Buddhism and kami worship that was Japan's only organized religion up until the Meiji period. Beginning in 1868, the new Meiji government approved a series of laws that separated Japanese native kami worship, on one side, from Buddhism which had assimilated it, on the other. When Buddhism was introduced from China in the Asuka period (6th century), rather than discarding the old belief system, the Japanese tried to reconcile the two, assuming both were true. As a consequence, Buddhist temples (寺, tera) were attached to local Shinto shrines (神社, jinja) and vice versa and devoted to both kami and buddhas. The local religion and foreign Buddhism never quite fused, but remained however inextricably linked all the way to the present day, always interacting. The depth of the resulting influence of Buddhism on local religious beliefs can be seen for example in the fact that much of Shinto's conceptual vocabulary and even the types of Shinto shrines we see today, with a large worship hall and religious images, are themselves of Buddhist origin. The formal separation of Buddhism from Shinto took place only as recently as the end of the 19th century; however, in many ways, the blending of the two still continues. The term shinbutsu shūgō itself was coined during the early modern era (17th century) to refer to the amalgamation of kami and buddhas in general, as opposed to specific currents within Buddhism which did the same, e.g. Ryōbu Shintō and Sannō Shintō. The term may have a negative connotation of bastardization and randomness.
  • 2.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial effects of Glycine in the Organism
Glycine is an amino acid that our bodies can produce naturally, so we don't necessarily need to get it from our diet. Nevertheless, it plays a vital role in various functions throughout our entire body. Glycine interacts with specific receptors and transporters found in many different types of cells, which allows it to have important effects on our health. One of the most fascinating things about glycine is its potential to reduce inflammation in our body. Researchers have conducted many studies focusing on this aspect. Glycine has been shown to decrease pro-inflammatory molecules called cytokines, which are responsible for promoting inflammation. Additionally, it can lower the levels of free fatty acids, which are sometimes linked to inflammation in certain situations. Moreover, glycine seems to positively influence how our body responds to insulin, which is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels. It also appears to bring about other beneficial changes in our body, although scientists are still investigating the specific details of these effects. Glycine is a remarkable amino acid that offers many health benefits, especially in terms of reducing inflammation and possibly enhancing how our bodies respond to insulin. It's fascinating because it is present throughout our entire body, and we can obtain it through our diet or nutraceuticals, affecting our health in various ways. Scientists continue to study glycine to unlock its full potential and better understand its role in supporting our well-being.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SLMed Magnesium Alloys
The selective laser melting（SLM） technology has the characteristics of rapid solidification.Therefore, refined microstructures and high-performance products can be obtained.The microstructure of magnesium alloy varies with the cooling rate(processing).And the higher the cooling rate, the finer the microstructure of the magnesium alloy.Different cooling rates also affect the phase composition of magnesium alloys. The SLM process inhibits the formation of the second phase in the magnesium alloy due to the characteristics of rapid solidification.Post-treatment processes, such as heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing（HIP）, can be applied to SLMed magnesium alloys. These processes help to close the pores , dissolve the second phase and reduce the source of cracks caused by the mismatch between the second phase and the α-Mg matrix, thereby improving the  mechanical properties of the magnesium alloy, especially the elongation.However, SLMed magnesium alloys need further research in the application of post-processing, alloy design, base material purification, and thermodynamic and kinetic theoretical calculations of intermetallic compounds.
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
From Word Embeddings to Pre-Trained Language Models
With the advances in deep learning, different approaches to improving pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been proposed. PLMs have advanced state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as machine translation, text classification, question answering, text summarization, information retrieval, recommendation systems, named entity recognition, etc. Prior embedding models as well as breakthroughs in the field of PLMs are provided in this entry.
  • 2.7K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Physique Anxiety Scale
Social physique anxiety (SPA) is the anxiety experienced when a person believes they are being observed or judged on their appearance; it is considered to be a subtype of social anxiety.
  • 2.7K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PYHIN Proteins
Pyrin and hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear (HIN) domain (PYHIN) proteins have originally emerged as sensors of exogenous DNA and stimulators of the innate immune response. Recent studies, however, indicate that nuclear PYHIN protein family members restrict viral replication by silencing gene expression, in a sensing-independent fashion. Not surprisingly, viruses evolved diverse ways to overcome such cellular defences.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Intraweb
An intraweb is a web comprising all HTTP nodes on an intranet; synonyms are corporate web, internal web.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nitrate-Rich Diet Therapy
Beetroot is a remarkable vegetable, as its rich nitrate and bioactive compound contents ameliorate cardiovascular and metabolic functions by boosting nitric oxide synthesis and regulating gene expressions or modulating proteins and enzyme activities involved in these cellular processes. Dietary nitrate provides a physiological substrate for nitric oxide production, which promotes vasodilatation, increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. 
  • 2.7K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Inti
Inti is the ancient Incan sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun. Worshiped as a patron deity of the Inca Empire, Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult. The most common story says that he is the son of Viracocha, the god of civilization.
  • 2.7K
  • 23 Nov 2022
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