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Shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合, "syncretism of kami and buddhas"), also called Shinbutsu-konkō (神仏混淆, "jumbling up" or "contamination of kami and buddhas"), is the syncretism of Buddhism and kami worship that was Japan's only organized religion up until the Meiji period. Beginning in 1868, the new Meiji government approved a series of laws that separated Japanese native kami worship, on one side, from Buddhism which had assimilated it, on the other. When Buddhism was introduced from China in the Asuka period (6th century), rather than discarding the old belief system, the Japanese tried to reconcile the two, assuming both were true. As a consequence, Buddhist temples (寺, tera) were attached to local Shinto shrines (神社, jinja) and vice versa and devoted to both kami and buddhas. The local religion and foreign Buddhism never quite fused, but remained however inextricably linked all the way to the present day, always interacting. The depth of the resulting influence of Buddhism on local religious beliefs can be seen for example in the fact that much of Shinto's conceptual vocabulary and even the types of Shinto shrines we see today, with a large worship hall and religious images, are themselves of Buddhist origin. The formal separation of Buddhism from Shinto took place only as recently as the end of the 19th century; however, in many ways, the blending of the two still continues. The term shinbutsu shūgō itself was coined during the early modern era (17th century) to refer to the amalgamation of kami and buddhas in general, as opposed to specific currents within Buddhism which did the same, e.g. Ryōbu Shintō and Sannō Shintō. The term may have a negative connotation of bastardization and randomness.
References
- Breen and Teeuwen in Breen and Teeuwen (2000:4-5)
- Kitagawa (1987:139)
- KURODA TOSHIO, Shinto in the History of Japanese Religion, Translated by JAMES C. DOBBINS and SUZANNE GAY, Journal of Japanese Studies, 7-1, 1981 http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/k/images/0/03/Kuroda_1981.pdf
- Rambelli (2001)
- Scheid, Bernhard. "Trennung von Shinto und Buddhismus". Grundbegriffe:Shinto. University of Vienna. http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/an/Grundbegriffe:Shinto. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- Sueki (2007:2)
- Kuroda (1981:7)
- John Breen, Mark Teeuwen (2010). A new History of Shinto. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 221. ISBN 978-1-4051-5516-8. https://www.amazon.com/History-Shinto-Blackwell-Histories-Religion/dp/1405155167.
- Tamura, pages 26 to 33.
- Encyclopedia of Shinto, Combinatory Kami, accessed on October 13, 2008. Quotation: "Buddhism was already product of a complex process of adaptation and amalgamation with other belief systems in India, China, and the Korean peninsula." http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=190
- Bernhard Scheid
- Mark Teeuwen in Breen and Teeuwen (2000:95-96)
- Satō Makoto
- Breen, Teeuwen (2010). A New History of Shinto. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 39. ISBN 978-1-4051-5516-8.
- Scheid, Shinto im Mittelalter
- Kenneth Doo Lee (2007), The Prince and the Monk: Shotoku Worship in Shinran's Buddhism; James C. Dobbins (1989), Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan, pp. 142-143.
- Sueki (2007:7-8)
- Rambelli and Teeuwen (2002:21-22)
- Toyokawa Inari accessed on June 6, 2008 http://www.toyokawa-map.net/eng/inari.html
- "Jungūji". Encyclopedia of Shinto. http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=1126. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- Breen and Teeuwen in Breen and Teeuwen (2000:7)
- Kamiya (2008: 18 - 19)
- Smyers, pag. 219
