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Topic Review
Land-Use Intensification on Plant–Pollinator Interactions
Permanent grasslands are main habitats for many plant species and pollinators. Their destruction as well as their intensification has a major impact on plant and pollinator biodiversity, which has a cascading effect on pollination. However, we lack an understanding of these effects, thereby limiting our ability to predict them. In this review, we synthesised the literature on the mechanisms behind this cascade to provide new insights into the relationship between land-use intensification and pollination. By matching functional traits that mediate the relationship between the two trophic levels, we identified major knowledge gaps about how land-use intensification affects plant–pollinator interactions and how it favours plants with generalised floral traits, which are likely harmful to pollination.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Priming to Enhance Plant Tolerance
Priming is an adaptive strategy that improves plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Stimuli from chemicals, abiotic cues, and pathogens can trigger the establishment of priming state. Priming with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a potential plant growth regulator, can enhance plant tolerance to the subsequent abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, heat, cold, and UV-B. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable effects of ALA priming on plant physiology remain to be elucidated.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis
Nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gaseous molecule, is a lipophilic free radical that easily diffuses through the plasma membrane. These characteristics make NO an ideal autocrine (i.e., within a single cell) and paracrine (i.e., between adjacent cells) signalling molecule. As a chemical messenger, NO plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, NO interacts with reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, melatonin, and hydrogen sulfide. It regulates gene expression, modulates phytohormones, and contributes to plant growth and defense mechanisms. In plants, NO is mainly produced via redox pathways. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lesion Mimic Formation in Rice
Plant lesion mutation usually refers to the phenomenon of cell death in green tissues before senescence in the absence of external stress, and such mutants also show enhanced resistance to some plant pathogens. The occurrence of lesion mimic mutants in rice is affected by gene mutation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, an uncontrolled programmed cell death system, and abiotic stress.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Benefits of Insect Pollination in Brassicaceae
Cultivated Brassicaceae attract a wide variety of pollinators. In both self-compatible and self-incompatible crop species, meta-analysis indicates that seed yield (Y), silique set (SQS), number of siliquae/plant (NSQ), and the number of seeds/silique (NSSQ) increase when plants are insect-pollinated compared to when there is no insect pollination. The weight of seeds (WS), however, increased in self-incompatible species but not in self-compatible ones as a result of insect pollination. Overall, the percentage of studies showing a positive effect of insect pollination on yield parameters was higher in self-incompatible than in self-compatible species. It was shown that the ability of self-compatible species to reproduce does not fully compensate for the loss of yield benefits in the absence of insect pollination. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Orchids
The secondary metabolites present in medicinal orchids are diverse and possess a vast array of biological activities. They represent valuable raw materials for modern pharmaceuticals and clinical medicine and have tremendous potential for future development. A systematic collation of secondary metabolites’ composition and a summary of the biological activities of medicinal orchids represent a crucial step in unlocking the potential of these valuable resources in drug development.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
TYLCV Infection of Tomatoes
Tomato cultivation is threatened by environmental stresses (e.g., heat, drought) and by viral infection (mainly viruses belonging to the tomato yellow leaf curl virus family—TYLCVs). Unlike many RNA viruses, TYLCV infection does not induce a hypersensitive response and cell death in tomato plants. One of the major effects caused by TYLCV infection of tomato is a decrease in the activation of stress response proteins and metabolites to avoid an acute deleterious plant response, which may impair virus replication. Instead of severe, sometimes lethal response for most plant cells, TYLCV promotes the development of a protective homeostasis response in plants exposed to prolonged environmental stresses, favoring the survival of the plant. The down-regulation of stress proteins and metabolites coincides with the stabilization of their patterns, particularly in tomatoes resistant to TYLCV. These stable patterns are maintained not only in shoot, but also in roots of virus-infected tomatoes. Whether fruit production of pre-inoculation of R-TYLCV tomato seedlings in field and greenhouses located in hot and dry countries provides a solution, even partial, to global warming, remains to be analyzed on a large scale. This routine, adapted to tomato genotype, soil and climate, may help reduce drastically the amount of water used for irrigation by artificially alternating long periods of drought with short periods of irrigation.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plant Central Metabolism to Abiotic Stress
Plants are constantly exposed to a plethora of stresses under natural conditions. Stress in plants can be described as anything that can cause a change from ideal growth and developmental conditions. Stresses can be classified as abiotic or biotic, where abiotic stresses are caused by nonliving factors in the surrounding environment, such as extremes in temperature, drought, flooding, and high salinity. Abiotic stresses are unavoidable to plants due to their inability to move. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites Produced by Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Endophytes
There is an increasing interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms as alternatives to chemically synthesized or plant-derived molecules to produce therapeutic agents. Bacterial endophytes are plant-associated microorganisms that can colonize different parts of living plants without causing any diseases. Diverse endophytic bacteria possess the ability to synthesize a wide range of secondary metabolites with unique chemical structures that have been exploited for their anti-microbial, antiviral, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, production of these bioactive compounds can also benefit the host plant as they may play a significant role in a plant’s interaction with the environment for adaptation and defense.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Natural Disesquiterpenoids
Natural disesquiterpenoids represent a small group of secondary metabolites characterized by complex molecular scaffolds and interesting pharmacological profiles. The intriguing architectures and the interesting pharmacological profile of sesquiterpene dimers attracted the attention of synthetic chemists in the attempt to duplicate the efficiency and the selectivity of natural processes under laboratory conditions.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Coffee Silverskin
Coffee silverskin (CSS) is one of the main byproducts of coffee roasting and poses a potential risk to the environment if disposed of incorrectly. Each year in Italy, over 500,000 tonnes of green coffee are imported for roasting followed by consumption or export. This results in over 7500 tonnes of CSS produced each year which is typically disposed of as solid waste. Silverskin contains lignocellulose and can be used as a substitute for other raw materials to produce paper pulp. Both Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) were performed to compare the impact and cost of CSS paper production to conventional paper production using only virgin pulp. It was shown that the addition of CSS reduces the environmental impact of paper production by 10% and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 13% compared to conventional production with no cost increase (0.01% reduction with addition of CSS) for the producer.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Brassinosteroids in Plants
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as the sixth type of plant hormone participating in various physiological and biochemical activities and play an irreplaceable role in plants. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cytokinin and Auxin in DNSO
The role of CK and auxin signalization is central to the entire process of DNSO, whereby the early stages of DNSO are dominated by auxin and the later stages by CK signaling. Taking into account the early observation by Skoog and Miller that a high auxin/CK ratio stimulates the development of roots, while a high CK/auxin ratio is favorable to the development of shoot tissue, the general need for a sequence of two regeneration media can be explained by the differences in morphogenic requirements between early and late stages of DNSO. In the early stages, a high auxin/CK ratio is required not only for the development of calli but also of lateral root-like primordia within the calli; later, a high CK/auxin ratio will be required to convert the developmental fate of these primordia into taking on a shoot identity.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biodiversity and Ferula gummosa
Ferula gummosa (FG) is named Barijeh, Balijeh, Ghasni and Barzard in Persian. It belongs to the Ferula genus in the family Apiaceae. This family with at least 112 genera contains aromatic plants with hollow stems and umbrella inflorescences. The genus Ferula contains 170 species and is extensively distributed from Central Asia to South Africa. FG is one of the industrial, medicinal and forage valuable assets in Iran. As a dominant or associated species, it forms a wide range of plant types in mountainous areas. The phenological stages of the FG plant are as follows: seed germination starts from late March to early April, and vegetative growth begins from the second half of April and continues until the first half of July.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Types of Wheat Resistance to Leaf Rust
Due to the global warming and dynamic changes in pathogenic virulence, leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina has greatly expanded its epidermic region and become a severe threat to global wheat production. Leaf rust, caused by biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina Erikss., is one of the most wide-spread and severe diseases in wheat all over the world.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Interaction of Chromolaena odorata with the Natural Enemy
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson is native to tropical America, and has naturalized in many other countries in tropical Asia, Austria, and West Africa. The species often forms dense thickets and reduces the native species diversity and population in the invasive ranges. The species is also considered as a noxious weed in agriculture fields, and listed in the 100 of the world’s worst invasive alien species. The interaction between the invasive plants and their natural enemies such as herbivores and pathogens, is one of the important factors for the naturalization of the invasive plants. The population of C. odorata is controlled by many insects and pathogens in its native ranges. More than 200 species of the herbivores were counted in the native ranges of C. odorata, and 25% of them are specific species in the native ranges. There may be fewer specific herbivores in the invasive ranges. In fact, very few specific insect species for C. odorata in the invasive range (South Africa) were counted.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Omics Approaches for Drought Tolerance
Drought stress is considered a severe threat to crop production. It adversely affects the morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plants, especially in short duration crops like mungbean. Significant progress has been made towards enhancing climate resilience in legumes through classical and next-generation breeding coupled with omics approaches. Various defence mechanisms have been reported as key players in crop adaptation to drought stress. Many researchers have identified potential donors, QTLs/genes and candidate genes associated to drought tolerance-related traits. 
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics and Soy
Soy has been recognized as a medicinal plant since it contains several bioactive compounds in its various parts. For example, bioactive peptides found in soybeans have been linked to human health benefits with potential anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Another type of bioactive compound identified in soybeans, the anthocyanins, showed anti-obesity and anti- inflammatory properties. Isoflavonoids, the best-known class of compounds found in all parts of soy, have been studied due to their potential protective effects associated with chronic diseases, cancer, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Different factors modulate a plant’s metabolism, and metabolomics can measure these variations qualitatively and quantitatively, analyzing the production and turnover of primary and secondary (specialized) metabolites. In soy, metabolomics studies have identified four main causes of changes in metabolism: genetic modifications, organism interactions, growth stages, and abiotic factors.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Glossary of Asteraceae-Related Terms
Following is a glossary of terms used to describe the Asteraceae family of flowering plants.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Brassinosteroid Hormones and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
Brassinosteroid hormones (BRs) multitask to smoothly regulate a broad spectrum of vital physiological processes in plants, such as cell division, cell expansion, differentiation, seed germination, xylem differentiation, reproductive development and light responses (photomorphogenesis and skotomorphogenesis). Their importance is inferred when visible abnormalities arise in plant phenotypes due to suboptimal or supraoptimal hormone levels. This group of steroidal hormones are major growth regulators, having pleiotropic effects and conferring abiotic stress resistance to plants. Numerous abiotic stresses are the cause of significant loss in agricultural yield globally. However, plants are well equipped with efficient stress combat machinery. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a unique mechanism to combat the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Dec 2022
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