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Topic Review
Amsterdam (VOC Ship)
The Amsterdam (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (listen)) was an 18th-century cargo ship of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC). The VOC was established in 1602. The ship started its maiden voyage from Texel to Batavia on 8 January 1749, but was wrecked in a storm on the English Channel on 26 January 1749. The shipwreck was discovered in 1969 in the bay of Bulverhythe, near Hastings on the English south coast, and is sometimes visible during low tides. The wreck site is protected under the Protection of Wrecks Act since 1974. Some of the findings from the site are in The Shipwreck Museum in Hastings. A replica of the ship is on display in Amsterdam.
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Biography
Shafi Ahmed
Shafi Ahmed is a surgeon, teacher, futurist, innovator and entrepreneur. Shafi was born on 26 January 1969 in Sylhet District, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and came to the United Kingdom as a child. His father, the late Mimbor Ali, was honoured by the Bangladeshi government for his significant contribution to the liberation of Bangladesh. He was appointed as a Consultant General, Laparoscopi
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  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Low-Cost Water Quality Sensors for IoT
In many countries, water quality monitoring is limited due to the high cost of logistics and professional equipment such as multiparametric probes. However, low-cost sensors integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) can enable real-time environmental monitoring networks, providing valuable water quality information to the public.
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  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is predominantly an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology with a possible genetic predisposition and effect of certain environmental factors. It is generally accepted that the disease begins with an autoimmune inflammatory reaction targeting oligodendrocytes followed by a rapid depletion of their regenerative capacity with subsequent permanent neurodegenerative changes and disability.
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  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Liquid-Organic Hydrogen Carrier
Molecular liquid that can accommodate and release hydrogen molecules via chemical hydrogenation and dehydrogenation.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Dec 2020
Topic Review
List of AMD Phenom Microprocessors
The AMD Phenom family is a 64-bit microprocessor family from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), based on the K10 microarchitecture. It includes the AMD Phenom II X6 hex-core series, Phenom X4 and Phenom II X4 quad-core series, Phenom X3 and Phenom II X3 tri-core series, and Phenom II X2 dual-core series. Other related processors based on the K10 microarchitecture include the Athlon X2 Kuma processors, Athlon II processors, and various Opteron, Sempron, and Turion series. The first Phenoms were released in November 2007. An improved second generation was released in December 2008, named Phenom II. Processors with an e following the model number (e.g., 910e) are low-power models, usually 45 W for Athlons, 65 W for Phenoms. Processors with a "u" following the model number (e.g., 270u) are ultra-low-power models, usually 20 W for single core chips or 25 W for dual core chips.
  • 2.8K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Samasource
Samasource employs low-income workers in developing countries to classify data, among other tech work. Samasource mission is to expand opportunity for low-income individuals through the digital economy. One of the first organizations to engage in impact sourcing, Samasource trains workers in basic computer skills and pays a local living wage for their labor. Additionally, Samasource provides health and wellness education, professional skills development, a scholarship program to assist with continuing education costs, and a program to provide micro loans and mentorship to aspiring entrepreneurs. Some of Samasource's clients include Walmart, Google, General Motors and Microsoft. Samasource has offices in San Francisco, California , New York, The Hague, Costa Rica, Montreal , Nairobi, Kenya, Kampala, Uganda and Gulu, Uganda. The organization currently owns and operates delivery centers in Nairobi and Gulu, Uganda, and partners with additional delivery centers in India . Samasource previously had paid workers in Haiti, Pakistan , Ghana, and South Africa .
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Fostering Organizational Sustainability Through Employee Collaboration: An Integrative Approach to Environmental, Social, and Economic Dimensions
This study aims to develop a multifaceted conceptual basis for employee collaboration with regard to promoting organizational sustainability, which encompasses environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Employing a mixed-methods framework, the study integrates a thorough literature review with a qualitative content analysis. A distinctive feature of this investigation is its emphasis on incorporating collaborative methodologies into sustainability strategies across various organizational frameworks, illustrating how collaboration can be refined through adaptive leadership, interdisciplinary teams, and digital technologies. The results indicate that organizations characterized by a robust collaborative culture demonstrate greater success in fostering sustainable innovations, minimizing environmental repercussions, and enhancing employee engagement. Furthermore, the study introduces a novel model that correlates collaboration with operational sustainability, taking into account diverse levels of resource sharing, leadership engagement, and employee empowerment. By focusing on actionable strategies, this research provides novel insights into how adaptive leadership, digital tools, and shared responsibility can transform collaboration into a driver of sustainability. This research enriches the existing body of literature by presenting an evidence-based framework for cultivating sustainable organizational cultures and provides valuable insights for prospective research on harnessing collaboration to attain long-term sustainability goals.
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  • 02 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Molecular and Functional Properties of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent H+-gated cation channels largely expressed in the nervous system of rodents and humans, and involved in pain sensing and associated pathologies. At least six isoforms (ASIC1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3 and 4) associate into homotrimers or heterotrimers to form functional channels with highly pH-dependent gating properties.
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  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Benzodiazepine Dependence
Benzodiazepine dependence defines a situation in which one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking behaviors, such as continued use despite harmful effects, and maladaptive pattern of substance use, according to the DSM-IV. In the case of benzodiazepine dependence, however, the continued use seems to be associated with the avoidance of unpleasant withdrawal reaction rather than from the pleasurable effects of the drug. Benzodiazepine dependence develops with long-term use, even at low therapeutic doses, without the described dependence behavior. Addiction consists of people misusing or craving the drug not to relieve withdrawal symptoms, but to experience its euphoric or intoxicating effects. It is necessary to distinguish between addiction to and abuse of benzodiazepines and physical dependence on them. The increased GABA inhibition on the neural systems caused by benzodiazepines is counteracted by the body's development of tolerance to the drug's effects; the development of tolerance occurs as a result of neuroadaptations, which result in decreased GABA activity and increased excitability of the glutamate system; these adaptations occur as a result of the body trying to overcome the central nervous system depressant effects of the drug to restore homeostasis. When benzodiazepines are stopped, these neuroadaptations are "unmasked" leading to hyper-excitability of the nervous system and the appearance of withdrawal symptoms. Therapeutic dose dependence is the largest category of people dependent on benzodiazepines. These individuals typically do not escalate their doses to high levels and generally use their medication as intended by their prescriber. Smaller groups include patients escalating their dosage to higher levels and drug misusers as well. Tolerance develops within days or weeks to the anticonvulsant, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and after 4 months there is little evidence that benzodiazepines retain their anxiolytic properties. Some authors, however, disagree and feel that benzodiazepines retain their anxiolytic properties. Long-term benzodiazepine treatment may remain necessary in certain clinical conditions. Numbers of benzodiazepine prescriptions have been declining, due primarily to concerns of dependence. In the short term, benzodiazepines can be effective drugs for acute anxiety or insomnia. With longer-term use, other therapies, both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic, become more effective. This is in part due to the greater effectiveness over time of other forms of therapy, and also due to the eventual development of pharmacological benzodiazepine tolerance.
  • 2.8K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ODB (C++)
ODB is an object-relational mapping (ORM) system for the C++ language. It allows an application developer to persist C++ objects to a relational database without having to deal with tables, columns, or SQL and without manually writing any mapping code. ODB supports C++98/03 and C++11 language standards and comes with optional profiles for Boost and Qt which allow an application developer to seamlessly use value types (data-time, string, binary, uuid, etc.), containers, and smart pointers from these libraries in persistent C++ classes. ODB is free software and is dual-licensed under the GPL and a proprietary license. One notable difference between ODB and other ORM implementations for C++ is its automatic generation of the database mapping code and, optionally, the database schema from the C++ headers that declare the classes. This task is performed by the ODB compiler. The ODB compiler is a real C++ compiler except that instead of producing assembly or machine code, it generates portable C++ which can in turn be compiled by any C++ compiler. The ODB compiler uses the GCC compiler front-end for C++ parsing and is implemented using the new GCC plugin architecture. The ODB compiler also provides comprehensive support for database schema evolution, including fully automatic schema migration, support for immediate and gradual data migration, as well as support for soft model changes. The latter feature allows one to work with multiple schema versions using the same C++ classes. The other components of the ODB system include the common runtime library (libodb) and the database-specific runtime libraries (for example, libodb-mysql). The common runtime library defines object-oriented database interfaces that are used by the application developer to perform various database operations on persistent objects. The database-specific runtimes implement these interfaces for concrete database systems and provide support functionality for the generated database mapping code. To achieve high performance, low overhead, and reliability ODB does not use common database APIs, such as ODBC, to access the relational database. Rather, each database-specific runtime library uses low-level, native C APIs that are specific to each database. ODB currently supports the MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and SQL Server databases. Bulk/batch operations are supported for Oracle and SQL Server. The application can also use multiple databases (for example, MySQL, SQLite, etc.) at the same time. Multi-database support comes in the static and dynamic flavors with the latter allowing the application to dynamically load the database support code for individual database if and when necessary. ODB is not a framework. There is no common base type that all persistent classes should derive from nor are there any restrictions on the data member types in persistent classes. Existing classes can be made persistent with a few or no modifications. ODB is also flexible in the level of insulation it provides to the application developer. It can either completely hide the relational nature of the underlying database or expose some of the details as required.
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
GPCRs Regulate DNA Integrity
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their associated signaling proteins represent one of the most diverse cellular signaling systems involved in both physiological and pathophysiological processes. Aging represents perhaps the most complex biological process in humans and involves a progressive degradation of systemic integrity and physiological resilience. This is in part mediated by age-related aberrations in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, protein folding and sorting, inflammatory activity, signal transduction fidelity and genomic stability. An increased rate of unrepaired DNA damage is considered to be one of the key ‘hallmarks’ of aging. Over the last two decades our appreciation of the complexity of GPCR signaling systems has expanded their functional signaling repertoire. One such example of this is the incipient role of GPCRs and GPCR-interacting proteins in DNA damage and repair (DDR) mechanisms. Emerging data now suggest that GPCRs could function as stress sensors for intracellular damage such as oxidative stress. Given this role of GPCRs in the DNA damage response process, coupled to the effective history of drug targeting of these receptors, this suggests that one important future activity of GPCR therapeutics is the rational control of DNA damage repair systems.
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vulnerabilities and Challenges in IoT-Enabled Smart Grids
Internet of Things (IoT) has appeared as one of the enabling technologies for smart energy grids by delivering abundant cutting-edge solutions in various domains, including critical infrastructures. As IoT-enabled devices continue to flourish, one of the major challenges is security issues, since IoT devices are connected through the Internet, thus making the smart grids vulnerable to a diverse range of cyberattacks. 
  • 2.8K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Aromatic Water Pollutants
In recent years, the intensification of human activities including rapid urbanization, industrialization, population, and economic growth, led to an increase in waste production and energy demand. Most importantly such activities pose concerns for health, energy security and climate changes. Hazardous volatile organic compounds, VOC, and aromatic organic compounds, AOC, are being generated from the activities of many vital industries like mining and petrochemicals. They are instrumental in the economic growth of many countries and their products are regarded as privileges to modern communities. Nevertheless, they are toxic and carcinogenic thus, these wastes have been classified as “hazardous”. The simultaneous treatment of organic pollutants and energy recovery is an attractive solution to reduce pollution in water, air, and soil as well as provide alternative clean energy sources. Hydrogen could be generated from organic pollutants in water through photocatalysis. Photocatalysis refers to the oxidation and reduction, redox, reactions on semiconductor surfaces, mediated by the valence band holes and conduction band electrons, which are generated by the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light radiation. Compared to traditional oxidation processes, photocatalytic redox reaction operates at ambient conditions without a high temperature or high pressure, and many recalcitrant organic contaminants can be degraded without the addition of chemical oxidants, hence it is fully green process. Among the various photocatalysts, TiO2, as the most widely employed “golden” photocatalyst, has been largely used in photocatalysis, due to its chemical stability, nontoxicity, and low cost. In the last two decades, TiO2 photocatalysis has expanded very quickly, having undergone various development‐related energy issues and environmental issues, such as direct solar H2O splitting into H2 and the decomposition of pollutants in air and H2O at low concentrations. Although great progress has been made in TiO2 photocatalysis, much remains unknown, which raises an interesting challenge not only for engineers but also for basic scientists. a typical photocatalytic reaction in TiO2 photocatalysis contains many fundamental processes, including charge carrier formation, separation, relaxation, trapping, transfer, recombination, and transportation.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Barrier Grid Animation and Stereography
Barrier-grid animation, also known as a kinegram, and "picket fence" animation, which was originated in the late 1890s and then re-popularized by Rufus Butler Seder's trademarked "Scanimation(r)" books in the early 2,000s, is an animation effect created by moving a striped transparent overlay across an interlaced image. The barrier-grid technique and its history overlap with parallax stereography (also known as "Relièphographie") for 3D autostereograms. The technique has also been used for color-changing pictures, but to a much lesser extent. The development of barrier-grid technologies can also be regarded as a step towards lenticular printing, although the technique has remained after the invention of lenticular technologies as a relatively cheap and simple way to produce animated images in print.
  • 2.8K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Titanium in Civil Engineering
Titanium has exceptional durability, very high specific strength, a thermal expansion coefficient similar to construction materials, low weight density, and its cost has drastically decreased over the last decades. One of the main requirements in conservation engineering is the durability of the retrofit materials and the reversibility of interventions, and a possible interesting solution is the use of titanium alloys coupled with inorganic matrices made of low-cement or lime mortars. Titanium has recently been used to reinforce important masonry and archeological monuments, but little is known about this. Its use is increasing in conservation engineering without adequate knowledge of its characteristics, grades, and properties.
  • 2.8K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Biography
Longping Yuan
The father of hybrid rice, academician Longping Yuan, passed away on 22 May 2021, in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. He was born into an intellectual family in Beijing in September 1930. Due to Japanese aggression, he received his education at different primary and high schools around China from 1936 to 1949 and developed a keen interest in gardening and agronomy during this period. From Augu
  • 2.8K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Glutathione
Glutathione refers to the small molecule protein consisting of three amino acids - glycine, cysteine, and glutamine.
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Industrial IoT for Mining Industry
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has the potential to improve the production and business processes by enabling the extraction of valuable information from industrial processes. The mining industry, however, is rather traditional and somewhat slow to change due to infrastructural limitations in communication, data management, storage, and exchange of information. Most research efforts so far on applying IIoT in the mining industry focus on specific concerns such as ventilation monitoring, accident analysis, fleet and personnel management, tailing dam monitoring, and pre-alarm system while an overall IIoT architecture suitable for the general conditions in the mining industry is still missing.
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  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Risk Factors of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and also the most common malignant primary tumor of the brain and central nervous system, accounting for 14.5% of all central nervous system tumors and 48.6% of malignant central nervous system tumors. The median overall survival (OS) of GBM patients is low, at only 15 months.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 May 2022
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