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Topic Review
N2O Formation in Rice Plants
Rice plants in paddy emit a substantial amount of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Field-based studies that report N2O fluxes from the paddy consider that the N2O emitted by rice plant is of microbial origin in the soil. Recent studies on other plants suggest that vegetation are also a natural source of N2O. However, the mechanisms of N2O formation in plants are unknown; consequently, the rice plant is regarded as a channel to transport soil micro-organisms produced N2O. The hypothesis that rice plants are a medium to transport soil produced N2O is based on flux measurement methods. However, more robust methods like 15N isotope analysis methods consider plants are a natural source of N2O. This led us to search for the possible pathway of N2O formation in rice plants cells.  Herein, we have proposed a potential pathway of N2O formation in rice plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Glutamine synthetase (GS) of wheat
Glutamine synthetase isoforms of wheat play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cell Suspension of Eysenhardtia platycarpa
Eysenhardtia platycarpa (Fabaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Mexico. Biotechnological studies of its use are lacking. The objective of this work was to establish a cell suspension culture (CSC) of E. platycarpa, determine the phytochemical constituents by spectrophotometric and gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) methods, evaluate its antifungal activity, and compare them with the intact plant. Friable callus and CSC were established with 2 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid plus 0.1 mg/L kinetin. The highest total phenolics of CSC was 15.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight and the total flavonoids content ranged from 56.2 to 104.1 µg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight. The GC‒MS analysis showed that the dichloromethane extracts of CSC, sapwood, and heartwood have a high amount of hexadecanoic acid (22.3–35.3%) and steroids (13.5–14.7%). Heartwood and sapwood defatted hexane extracts have the highest amount of stigmasterol (~23.4%) and β-sitosterol (~43%), and leaf extracts presented β-amyrin (16.3%). Methanolic leaf extracts showed mostly sugars and some polyols, mainly D-pinitol (74.3%). Compared with the intact plant, dichloromethane and fatty hexane extracts of CSC exhibited percentages of inhibition higher for Sclerotium cepivorum: 71.5% and 62.0%, respectively. The maximum inhibition for Rhizoctonia solani was with fatty hexane extracts of the sapwood (51.4%). Our study suggests that CSC extracts could be used as a possible complementary alternative to synthetic fungicides.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Corema album Berries
Corema album (L.) D. Don is a dioecious perennial shrub of the Ericaceae family, endemic of the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coastal dunes. It is a branched bush, that can reach up to 1 m, with a spherical (5–8 mm diameter) and white acidic edible berries (Portuguese white crowberries, Atlantic pearls, beachberries or “camarinhas” in Portuguese). 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide Enhances Plant Tolerance
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, toxic gas readily soluble in water with a pungent odor of rotten eggs. It can be ionized to H+, HS−, and S2−in aqueous solution; although the HS−cannot cross the cell membrane, H2S, acting as a small liposoluble molecule, is five times more soluble in lipophilic solvents than in water, can permeate the lipid membrane freely, because of H2S’s poor water solubility, it is difficult to long-distance transport; however, SO42−and sulfur compounds can be realized long-distance transport through xylem vessels to participate in endogenous H2S metabolism in plant cells”. H2S is widely regarded as a harmful gas produced in industrial production until the middle of the late 1990s.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops
The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere (PGPR) is a promising tool to alleviate salt stress in various crops and represents a strategy to increase agricultural productivity in salt soils. Increasing evidence underlines that PGPR affect plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salt stress. The mechanisms behind these phenomena include osmotic adjustment, modulation of the plant antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, modulation of the phytohormonal balance, increase in nutrient uptake, and the formation of biofilms
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chloroplasts
The chloroplast is a semi-autonomous organelle with its own genome. The expression of chloroplast genes depends on both chloroplasts and the nucleus. In chloroplast, NAC102 associates with the chloroplast genome, interacts with chloroplast RNA polymerases, and regulates chloroplast gene expression.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
DeepLRR:An Online Webserver for Leucine-Rich-Repeat Containing Protein Characterization
Members of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily play critical roles in multiple biological processes. As the LRR unit sequence is highly variable, accurately predicting the number and location of LRR units in proteins is a highly challenging task in the field of bioinformatics. Existing methods still need to be improved, especially when it comes to similarity-based methods. We introduce our DeepLRR method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and LRR features to predict the number and location of LRR units in proteins. We compared DeepLRR with six existing methods using a dataset containing 572 LRR proteins and it outperformed all of them when it comes to overall F1 score. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Smoke and Karrikin 1  Activity in Seed
Plant-derived smoke and smoke water (SW) can stimulate seed germination in numerous plants from fire-prone and fire-free areas, including cultivated plants and agricultural weeds. Smoke contains thousands of compounds; only several stimulants and inhibitors have been isolated from smoke. Among the six karrikins present in smoke, karrikin 1 (KAR1) seems to be key for the stimulating effect of smoke. The discovery and activity of highly diluted SW and KAR1 at extremely low concentrations (even at ca. 10−9 M) inducing seed germination of a wide array of horticultural and agricultural plants have created tremendous opportunities for the use of these factors in pre-sowing seed treatment through smoke- or KAR1-priming.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metal Stress Signalling
The mining of heavy metals from the environment leads to an increase in soil pollution, leading to the uptake of heavy metals into plant tissue. The build-up of toxic metals in plant cells often leads to cellular damage and senescence. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to produce plants with improved tolerance to heavy metals for food security, as well as to limit heavy metal uptake for improved food safety purposes.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Plant Genetic Resources
Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, nuts, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Red Alga Dixoniella grisea
There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Actinobacteria Diversity Associated with Plant Growth Promotion
Abiotic stressors, such as drought, flooding, extreme temperature, soil salinity, and metal toxicity, are the most important factors limiting crop productivity. Plants use their innate biological systems to overcome these abiotic stresses caused by environmental and edaphic conditions. Microorganisms that live in and around plant systems have incredible metabolic abilities in mitigating abiotic stress. Recent advances in multi-omics methods, such as metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have helped to understand how plants interact with microbes and their environment. These methods aid in the construction of various metabolic models of microbes and plants, resulting in a better knowledge of all metabolic exchanges engaged during interactions. Actinobacteria are ubiquitous and are excellent candidates for plant growth promotion because of their prevalence in soil, the rhizosphere, their capacity to colonize plant roots and surfaces, and their ability to produce various secondary metabolites. Mechanisms by which actinobacteria overcome abiotic stress include the production of osmolytes, plant hormones, and enzymes, maintaining osmotic balance, and enhancing nutrient availability. With these characteristics, actinobacteria members are the most promising candidates as microbial inoculants. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CW Integrity Systems Involved in Plant Biotic Stress
A cell wall (CW) has an established role in maintaining and determining cell shape, resisting internal turgor pressure, directing cell and plant growth, contributing to plant morphology, and regulating diffusion through the apoplast. Plants continually face environmental and biotic stresses, and these stressful conditions force the plants to evolve and develop monitoring systems to deal with the harsh conditions. The CW is a dynamic structure and the main site harboring different plant monitoring systems for perception and signaling plant immunity. Targeted genetic modifications of CW could be used as a tool to study the intricacy of defense priming and plant immunity.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Elegia Species
This review provides constructive and extensive information about the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Elegia. The genus Elegia L. is the second largest of the Restionaceae family, comprising 52 species, which are mainly used as materials for thatching. A comprehensive search of previously published literature was performed for studies on this genus, using databases with different key search words. This survey documented 52 Elegia species summarizing their previous taxonomic classification. In addition, 14 species were found to be studied for their phytochemical profile, revealing 14 chemical compounds. Concerning their biological activities, only one species (E. tectorum (L.f.) Moline and H.P.Linder) is reported for its anti-wrinkle activity. Moreover, two species are locally used for thatching and as materials for brooms. The present review highlights the Elegia genus as an important source of bioactive phytochemicals with flavonol glycosides being the main metabolites and reveals the uncharted territory of this genus for new research studies.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Light-Emitting Diode in Plant Metabolism
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are emerging as a powerful technology in the plant field which allows the selection of specific wavelengths and intensities, and therefore the targeted accumulation of plant antioxidant compounds.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Plant Central Metabolism to Abiotic Stress
Plants are constantly exposed to a plethora of stresses under natural conditions. Stress in plants can be described as anything that can cause a change from ideal growth and developmental conditions. Stresses can be classified as abiotic or biotic, where abiotic stresses are caused by nonliving factors in the surrounding environment, such as extremes in temperature, drought, flooding, and high salinity. Abiotic stresses are unavoidable to plants due to their inability to move. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Snorkeling Strategy
Flooding is an important strategy for weed control in paddy rice fields. However, terrestrial weeds had evolved mechanisms of tolerance to flooding, resulting in new ‘snorkelling’ ecotypes. Several weeds, mainly weedy rice, have evolved submersion tolerance mechanisms, which could be called snorkelling strategy, which are strategies that guarantee its survival and perpetuation in flooded environments. Current advances in biotechnology present the possibility of using molecular tools to understand flooding tolerance and manipulate DNA and RNA for the development of modern snorkelling weed control methods 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Durum Wheat Germplasm
Durum wheat (Triticum durum var. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AB genomes) is a major staple crop in the Mediterranean Basin, where its cultivation largely replaced that of tetraploid emmer, T. dicoccum, by the first millennium B.C.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis
Nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gaseous molecule, is a lipophilic free radical that easily diffuses through the plasma membrane. These characteristics make NO an ideal autocrine (i.e., within a single cell) and paracrine (i.e., between adjacent cells) signalling molecule. As a chemical messenger, NO plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, NO interacts with reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, melatonin, and hydrogen sulfide. It regulates gene expression, modulates phytohormones, and contributes to plant growth and defense mechanisms. In plants, NO is mainly produced via redox pathways. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2023
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