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Topic Review
Heavy Metal Stress Signalling
The mining of heavy metals from the environment leads to an increase in soil pollution, leading to the uptake of heavy metals into plant tissue. The build-up of toxic metals in plant cells often leads to cellular damage and senescence. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to produce plants with improved tolerance to heavy metals for food security, as well as to limit heavy metal uptake for improved food safety purposes.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Plant Genetic Resources
Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, nuts, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Red Alga Dixoniella grisea
There is an increasing interest in algae-based raw materials for medical, cosmetic or nutraceutical applications. Additionally, the high diversity of physicochemical properties of the different algal metabolites proposes these substances from microalgae as possible additives in the chemical industry. Among the wide range of natural products from red microalgae, research has mainly focused on extracellular polymers for additive use, while this study also considers the cellular components. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
CW Integrity Systems Involved in Plant Biotic Stress
A cell wall (CW) has an established role in maintaining and determining cell shape, resisting internal turgor pressure, directing cell and plant growth, contributing to plant morphology, and regulating diffusion through the apoplast. Plants continually face environmental and biotic stresses, and these stressful conditions force the plants to evolve and develop monitoring systems to deal with the harsh conditions. The CW is a dynamic structure and the main site harboring different plant monitoring systems for perception and signaling plant immunity. Targeted genetic modifications of CW could be used as a tool to study the intricacy of defense priming and plant immunity.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Seed Dormancy/Germination
From embryo development through seedling growth, several molecular pathways control genome stability, environmental signal transduction and the transcriptional landscape.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Smoke and Karrikin 1  Activity in Seed
Plant-derived smoke and smoke water (SW) can stimulate seed germination in numerous plants from fire-prone and fire-free areas, including cultivated plants and agricultural weeds. Smoke contains thousands of compounds; only several stimulants and inhibitors have been isolated from smoke. Among the six karrikins present in smoke, karrikin 1 (KAR1) seems to be key for the stimulating effect of smoke. The discovery and activity of highly diluted SW and KAR1 at extremely low concentrations (even at ca. 10−9 M) inducing seed germination of a wide array of horticultural and agricultural plants have created tremendous opportunities for the use of these factors in pre-sowing seed treatment through smoke- or KAR1-priming.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Engineered Durum Wheat Germplasm
Durum wheat (Triticum durum var. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AB genomes) is a major staple crop in the Mediterranean Basin, where its cultivation largely replaced that of tetraploid emmer, T. dicoccum, by the first millennium B.C.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Elegia Species
This review provides constructive and extensive information about the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Elegia. The genus Elegia L. is the second largest of the Restionaceae family, comprising 52 species, which are mainly used as materials for thatching. A comprehensive search of previously published literature was performed for studies on this genus, using databases with different key search words. This survey documented 52 Elegia species summarizing their previous taxonomic classification. In addition, 14 species were found to be studied for their phytochemical profile, revealing 14 chemical compounds. Concerning their biological activities, only one species (E. tectorum (L.f.) Moline and H.P.Linder) is reported for its anti-wrinkle activity. Moreover, two species are locally used for thatching and as materials for brooms. The present review highlights the Elegia genus as an important source of bioactive phytochemicals with flavonol glycosides being the main metabolites and reveals the uncharted territory of this genus for new research studies.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Glutamine synthetase (GS) of wheat
Glutamine synthetase isoforms of wheat play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
DeepLRR:An Online Webserver for Leucine-Rich-Repeat Containing Protein Characterization
Members of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily play critical roles in multiple biological processes. As the LRR unit sequence is highly variable, accurately predicting the number and location of LRR units in proteins is a highly challenging task in the field of bioinformatics. Existing methods still need to be improved, especially when it comes to similarity-based methods. We introduce our DeepLRR method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and LRR features to predict the number and location of LRR units in proteins. We compared DeepLRR with six existing methods using a dataset containing 572 LRR proteins and it outperformed all of them when it comes to overall F1 score. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops
The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere (PGPR) is a promising tool to alleviate salt stress in various crops and represents a strategy to increase agricultural productivity in salt soils. Increasing evidence underlines that PGPR affect plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salt stress. The mechanisms behind these phenomena include osmotic adjustment, modulation of the plant antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, modulation of the phytohormonal balance, increase in nutrient uptake, and the formation of biofilms
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plant Phenolics in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Secondary metabolites, such as phenols and salicylic, play a crucial role in the regulation of development and tolerance mechanisms against a wide range of stresses. During adverse conditions such as biotic and abiotic stresses, plants induce the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds to provide tolerance. Phenolics are secondary aromatic metabolites synthesized through the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway or polyketide acetate/malonate pathway, which produce monomeric and polymeric phenolics. Phenolic compounds in plants not only take part in preventing stresses but also in regulating physiological activities.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aquaporins in Plant-Pathogen Interaction
It is well known that plant aquaporins are channel proteins facilitating passive diffusion of water and small molecules across membrane. In addition to this function, aquaporins also have important functions in mediating host-pathogen interaction, which have appealed general interests. In turns, phytopathogens also employ aquaporins to modulate their growth, development, and pathogenicity. This review focuses on the latest progress in deciphering the functions of aquaporins in host-pathogen interaction. Understanding of the sophisticated functions of aquaporins may not only broaden our insights into the machinery underlying host-pathogen interaction, but also provide references for developing new strategies for controlling diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Wheat Dwarf Virus and Disease
Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Catalase (CAT) Gene Family in Wheat
Catalases (CATs) are considered the most potent (reactive oxygen species) ROS scavengers because of their strong affinity for H2O2.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Actinobacteria Diversity Associated with Plant Growth Promotion
Abiotic stressors, such as drought, flooding, extreme temperature, soil salinity, and metal toxicity, are the most important factors limiting crop productivity. Plants use their innate biological systems to overcome these abiotic stresses caused by environmental and edaphic conditions. Microorganisms that live in and around plant systems have incredible metabolic abilities in mitigating abiotic stress. Recent advances in multi-omics methods, such as metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have helped to understand how plants interact with microbes and their environment. These methods aid in the construction of various metabolic models of microbes and plants, resulting in a better knowledge of all metabolic exchanges engaged during interactions. Actinobacteria are ubiquitous and are excellent candidates for plant growth promotion because of their prevalence in soil, the rhizosphere, their capacity to colonize plant roots and surfaces, and their ability to produce various secondary metabolites. Mechanisms by which actinobacteria overcome abiotic stress include the production of osmolytes, plant hormones, and enzymes, maintaining osmotic balance, and enhancing nutrient availability. With these characteristics, actinobacteria members are the most promising candidates as microbial inoculants. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Orchids in the Czech Republic
In this entry, we determined the associations of orchid species richness and the degree of their specialization to specific environmental conditions (expressed by species specialization index) with altitude in six floristic areas in the Czech Republic.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs) are an important group of phytohormones associated with diverse growth and developmental processes, including cell elongation, seed germination, and secondary growth.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Enhancing Plants Fungal Disease Resistance
Fungal diseases pose a major threat to ornamental plants, with an increasing percentage of pathogen-driven host losses. In ornamental plants, management of the majority of fungal diseases primarily depends upon chemical control methods that are often non-specific. Host basal resistance, which is deficient in many ornamental plants, plays a key role in combating diseases. Despite their economic importance, conventional and molecular breeding approaches in ornamental plants to facilitate disease resistance are lagging, and this is predominantly due to their complex genomes, limited availability of gene pools, and degree of heterozygosity.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing on Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Plants are subjected to various environmental stresses that negatively impact growth and development and limit crop productivity. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of the growing world population and food security, it is essential to develop cultivars resistant to abiotic stresses. In recent years, with the availability of genetic databases and the advancement in genome editing techniques, it is feasible to edit target genes with precision and create new opportunities for crop improvement that conventional breeding methods could not achieve. The genome-editing method using CRISPR-Cas systems is very powerful and confers exceptional versatility to develop improved cultivars at abiotic stresses. These efficient gene editing techniques facilitate the cultivation of superior-performing genotypes in challenging environmental conditions without compromising yield.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2023
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