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Topic Review
Alkaline–Surfactant–Polymer Flooding Mechanisms
Chemical flooding, expecially  alkali–surfactant–polymer (ASP) injection plays an important role in enhancing oil recovery under many synergetic mechanisms, in which there are four main mechanisms that have been widely used, including improving the mobility ratio between the heavy oil and the displacing phase, lowering the interfacial tension between oil and water (IFT), altering the rock wettability (oil-wet to water-wet) and emulsifying oil and water. Laboratory tests and pilot trials of ASP injection showed that the oil recovery of the emulsified system is 5% more than the cases where no emulsions existed. 
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drama/Theatre Performance in Sustainability Awareness Education
The use of digital technologies in theatre/drama performances in education that address the sustainability issues that plague today’s world is highly acknowledged globally by the scientific community since digital technologies offer a variety of ways to provide students with an interactive and engaging learning experience. 
  • 2.8K
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Global Warming on Human Health
The effects of global warming include its effects on human health. The observed and projected increased frequency and severity of climate related impacts will further exacerbate the effects on human health. This article describes some of those effects on individuals and populations.
  • 2.8K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Household
A household consists of one or several persons who live in the same dwelling and share meals. It may also consist of a single family or another group of people. The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is important to economics and inheritance. Household models include families, blended families, shared housing, group homes, boarding houses, houses of multiple occupancy (UK), and single room occupancy (US). In feudal societies, the royal household and medieval households of the wealthy included servants and other retainers.
  • 2.8K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Navigating the Digital Landscape: Challenges and Barriers to Effective Information Use on the Internet
The advent of the internet has fundamentally transformed how people access and interact with information. The digital landscape offers easy access to educational materials and healthcare and can support informed decision making. It also presents significant challenges in effectively using this information. This entry discusses the multifaceted barriers that can impede individuals from fully benefiting from the internet’s information resources. Key challenges include discerning between accuracy and misinformation, the uneven distribution of digital literacy, disparities in access to technology, and motivational barriers in seeking reliable information. Additionally, the growing involvement of artificial intelligence (AI) in content curation, regulation, and moderation introduces opportunities and ethical dilemmas. These factors complicate efforts to support the accuracy and trustworthiness of the information shared through digital platforms.
  • 2.8K
  • 11 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor
Immunological checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are monoclonal antibodies that target the signaling pathways of the immune system that involve the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) molecules, contributing to restore the immune responses against neoplastic cells.
  • 2.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Firo (Cryptocurrency)
Firo, formerly known as Zcoin, is a cryptocurrency aimed at using cryptography to provide better privacy for its users compared to other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. However, fundamentalism has come to be applied to a tendency among certain groups – mainly, although not exclusively, in religion – that is characterized by a markedly strict literalism as it is applied to certain specific scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, and a strong sense of the importance of maintaining ingroup and outgroup distinctions, leading to an emphasis on purity and the desire to return to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed. Rejection of diversity of opinion as applied to these established "fundamentals" and their accepted interpretation within the group often results from this tendency. Depending upon the context, the label "fundamentalism" can be a pejorative rather than a neutral characterization, similar to the ways that calling political perspectives "right-wing" or "left-wing" can have negative connotations.
  • 2.8K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fintech and Sustainability
Current concerns about environmental issues have led to many new trends in technology and financial management. Within this context of digital transformation and sustainable finance, Fintech has emerged as an alternative to traditional financial institutions. This paper, through a literature review and case study approach, analyzes the relationship between Fintech and sustainability, and the different areas of collaboration between Fintech and sustainable finance, from both a theoretical and descriptive perspective, while giving specific examples of current technological platforms. Additionally, in this paper, two Fintech initiatives (Clarity AI and Pensumo) are described, as well as several proposals to improve the detection of greenwashing and other deceptive behavior by firms. The results lead to the conclusion that sustainable finance and Fintech have many aspects in common, and that Fintech can make financial businesses more sustainable overall by promoting green finance. Furthermore, this paper highlights the importance of European and global regulation, mainly from the perspective of consumer protection. 
  • 2.8K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mini Clubman
The Mini Clubman is a supermini engineered and manufactured by BMW and sold under the Mini marque. The first-generation Clubman was introduced in 2007, as a variant of the Mini Hatch (Hardtop in the US). A commercial version called Clubvan was added to the range in 2012. The current second-generation model is produced since 2015 and available with front- and all-wheel drive.
  • 2.8K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading
Peer-to-peer energy trading (P2P-ET) provides an online marketplace where direct energy exchange can occur between its participants, namely, prosumers and consumers. P2P-ET offers techno-economical benefits to its participants and brings savings to them.
  • 2.8K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Telemental Health and Diverse Populations amid COVID-19
Telemental health is defined as the delivery of psychological and mental health services via telecommunication technologies, including telephone-delivered therapy, videoconferencing, and internet-delivered programs. Research indicates that telemental health services are as effective as in-person services, and a dramatic increase in the use of telemental health has been observed during COVID-19. However, there are still persistent challenges and concerns about mental health providers’ competencies, clients’ data privacy, and legal and regulatory issues during this pandemic. Additionally, disparities in the use of telemental health services with diverse populations, based on factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, language, and culture, have been identified during this pandemic.
  • 2.8K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Robots in STEAM Education
Robotics is increasingly entering the field of education. The tools, methods, and approaches of robotics contribute to the development of all areas of STEAM education, both individually and interdisciplinary. The entry highlights the robots that are most effective in STEAM education and to classify robots used in education in terms of their frequency of use, features, flexibility, manufacturer, sensors, software, programming language, connection, recommended age, usefulness in education, and their cost. It turned out that there are packages for building robots, pre-assembled robots, and social robots. Their form can be animal, human, car, etc., and they have various properties; for example, they can move and fly. Moreover, most of the robots proposed for education use block-based programming; for example, the Scratch language. Common features of robots are that the robot follows a path, reacts to sounds, and recognizes obstacles, with various sensors; for example, vision. Finally, it turned out to be necessary to design an activity guide for each lesson, which will be accompanied by instructions and specific steps for teachers and students.
  • 2.8K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Smart-Crop Breeding
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a revolutionary field, providing a great opportunity in shaping modern crop breeding, and is extensively used indoors for plant science. Advances in crop phenomics, enviromics, together with the other “omics” approaches are paving ways for elucidating the detailed complex biological mechanisms that motivate crop functions in response to environmental trepidations. These “omics” approaches have provided plant researchers with precise tools to evaluate the important agronomic traits for larger-sized germplasm at a reduced time interval in the early growth stages. The big data and the complex relationships within impede the understanding of the complex mechanisms behind genes driving the agronomic-trait formations. AI brings huge computational power and many new tools and strategies for future breeding. 
  • 2.8K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Spotted Hyena
The Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a highly social carnivore native to sub-Saharan Africa, distinguished by its distinctive spotted coat, powerful build, and unique vocalizations. Renowned for its strength and adaptability, the Spotted Hyena is one of Africa's most successful predators, utilizing its keen sense of smell, strong jaws, and endurance to hunt a wide range of prey, from small mammals to large ungulates. Despite misconceptions about its scavenging habits, the Spotted Hyena is an efficient hunter, capable of taking down prey much larger than itself through coordinated group hunting tactics.
  • 2.8K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Reaction of CO2 with Epoxides
Coupling of CO2 with epoxides is a green emerging alternative for the synthesis of cyclic organic carbonates (COC) and aliphatic polycarbonates (APC). The scope of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of metal complexes having sulfur-containing ligands as homogeneous catalytic systems able to efficiently promote this transformation with a concise discussion of the most significant results. The crucial role of sulfur as the hemilabile ligand and its influence on the catalytic activity are highlighted as well.
  • 2.8K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Experimental Studies of PCM Building Applications
The use of phase change material (PCM) as a thermal energy storage system integrated in new buildings, and as retrofits in old buildings, proved its merit as promising renewable energy source. Experimental investigations for the use of PCM in buildings gained attention where the experimental setups used are classified as: Large-scale, small-scale, retrofitting, and laboratory-based test facilities.
  • 2.8K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Vestibular Syndromes including PPPD and MdDS
Overall, the clinical spectrum of vestibular migraine (VM) is broad, with patients describing a range of dizziness symptoms, accompanying symptoms and duration of attacks. When dizziness symptoms become more prolonged, they merge with other chronic vestibular syndromes such as persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) and mal de débarquement syndrome (MdDS).
  • 2.8K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Supercritical Antisolvent Technique for the Preparation of Nanocatalysts
In an era where sustainability is becoming the main driving force for research and development, supercritical fluids-based techniques are presented as a very efficient alternative technology to conventional extraction, purification, and recrystallization processes. Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation is a novel technique that can replace liquid antisolvent precipitation techniques. Additionally, through the optimization of precipitation operating conditions, morphology, particle size, and particle size distribution of nanoparticles can be controlled. As an antisolvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is far more sustainable than its conventional liquid counterparts; not only does it have a critical point (304 K and 73.8 bar) on its phase diagram that allows for the precipitation processes to be developed so close to room temperature, but also its recovery and, consequently, the precipitated solute purification stage is considerably simpler. This technique can be used efficiently for preparing nanocatalysts to be used in biodiesel production processes.
  • 2.8K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Healthcare Industry
Machine learning is a mechanism that enables machines to learn automatically without explicit programming. The main area of machine learning is to use advanced algorithms and statistical techniques to access the data and predict accuracy instead of a rule-based system. The dataset is a primary component of machine learning accuracy prediction. As a result, the data are more relevant and the prediction is more accurate. Machine learning has been used in different fields, such as finance, retail, and the healthcare industry. The rising use of machine learning in healthcare provides more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment. Machine learning has a great feature of continuous improvement for data accurate prediction and classification purposes for disease analysis.
  • 2.8K
  • 05 May 2023
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