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HandWiki. Fundamentalism. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37110 (accessed on 19 September 2026).
HandWiki. Fundamentalism. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37110. Accessed September 19, 2026.
HandWiki. "Fundamentalism" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37110 (accessed September 19, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 29). Fundamentalism. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37110
HandWiki. "Fundamentalism." Encyclopedia. Web. 29 November, 2022.
Fundamentalism
Edit

Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. However, fundamentalism has come to be applied to a tendency among certain groups – mainly, although not exclusively, in religion – that is characterized by a markedly strict literalism as it is applied to certain specific scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, and a strong sense of the importance of maintaining ingroup and outgroup distinctions, leading to an emphasis on purity and the desire to return to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed. Rejection of diversity of opinion as applied to these established "fundamentals" and their accepted interpretation within the group often results from this tendency. Depending upon the context, the label "fundamentalism" can be a pejorative rather than a neutral characterization, similar to the ways that calling political perspectives "right-wing" or "left-wing" can have negative connotations.

fundamentalism religion literalism

References

  1. KYAW ZWA MOE (March 30, 2013). "Root Out the Source of Meikhtila Unrest". http://www.irrawaddy.org/archives/30965. 
  2. Athas, Iqbal; Hume, Tim (June 24, 2014). "Fear, shock among Sri Lankan Muslims in aftermath of Buddhist mob violence". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/19/world/asia/sri-lanka-muslim-aluthgama. 
  3. "Sri Lanka struggles to halt days of Buddhist riots". BBC News. March 7, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43305453. 
  4. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, according to Google Scholar. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=marsden+fundamentalism&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_sdtp=
  5. Buescher, John. "A History of Fundamentalism", Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved August 15, 2011. http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092
  6. Mark A. Noll, A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (1992) pp 376-86
  7. George M. Marsden, "Fundamentalism and American Culture", (1980) p. 117
  8. "fundamentalist (adj.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/fundamentalist. 
  9. Curtis Lee Laws, "Convention Side Lights," The Watchman-Examiner, 8, no. 27 (1 July 1920), p 834.
  10. Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_Christians
  11. Carpenter, Revive us Again (1997) p 200
  12. Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, Muhammad Afzal, eds (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435544_026
  13. "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/. 
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  15. "Archived copy". http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf. 
  16. William E. Griffith, "The Revival of Islamic Fundamentalism: The Case of Iran", International Security, June 1979, Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp 132-138 in JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/pss/2626789
  17. Lawrence Davidson, Islamic Fundamentalism (Greenwood, 2003)
  18. "Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States". Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. 26 June 2003. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm. "Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of September 11th. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day's terrible events and in other challenges we face in the war against terror of Saudi Arabia and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the 19 suicide pilots were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on U.S. troops in Iraq. The Washington Post has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in Fallujah. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam [...] The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today's international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like al Qaeda, a group that, according to the FBI, and I am quoting, is the "number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today"." 
  19. DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195169913. https://books.google.com/books?id=797QCwAAQBAJ. 
  20. Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014). "Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism". New Statesman (London). http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism. Retrieved 28 June 2021. 
  21. Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017). "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post (New York City). https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html. 
  22. "Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem". The Huffington Post (New York City). 22 December 2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wahhabist-ideology-what-it-is-and-why-its-a-problem_b_585991fce4b014e7c72ed86e?guccounter=1. 
  23. Lindijer, Koert (24 August 2013). "How Islam from the north spreads once more into the Sahel". http://theafricanists.info/how-islam-from-the-north-spreads-once-more-into-the-sahel/. "Hundreds of years later, Islam again comes to the Sahel, this time with an unstoppable mission mentality and the way paved by money from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Pakistan. Foreigners, and also Malians who received scholarships to study in Saudi Arabia, introduce this strict form of Islam, and condemn the sufi's [sic]." 
  24. "Google News Search: Chart shows spikes in '79 (Iran hostage crisis), after 9/11 and in '92 and '93 (Algerian elections, PLO).". https://news.google.com/archivesearch?ie=UTF-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&tab=wn&q=Islamic+fundamentalist&scoring=n&sa=N&sugg=d&as_ldate=1990&as_hdate=1991&lnav=d4&hdrange=1992,2005. 
  25. "fundamentalism - religious movement". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1191955/fundamentalism/252664/Jewish-fundamentalism-in-Israel#ref883280. 
  26. Ian S. Lustik (Fall 1987). "Israel's Dangerous Fundamentalists". Fp : The Magazine of Global Politics, Economics and Ideas (68): 118–139. ISSN 0015-7228. http://www.geocities.com/alabasters_archive/dangerous_fundamentalists.html. Retrieved November 4, 2013. 
  27. Nagata, Judith. 2001. Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism." Toronto: Blackwell Publishing, p.9.
  28. Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath, The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of the Divine, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK), February 15, 2007, ISBN:978-0-281-05927-0
  29. Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru | The Church in Wales http://www.churchinwales.org.uk/press/display_press_release.php?prid=4542
  30. "'Atheistic fundamentalism' fears". BBC News. December 22, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7156783.stm. 
  31. "Archbishop of Wales fears the rise of "Atheistic Fundamentalism"". http://www.atheistnation.net/news/?atheist/article,00139. 
  32. "Atheistic fundamentalism" fears". BBC News. 22 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7156783.stm. 
  33. Toynbee, Polly (December 21, 2007). "Sorry to disappoint, but it's nonsense to suggest we want to ban Christmas". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/christmas2007/story/0,,2230951,00.html. 
  34. Pope Robert Anton Wilson, The New Inquisition: Irrational Rationalism and the Citadel of Science. 1986. 240 pages. ISBN:1-56184-002-5
  35. "Secular fundamentalism", International Herald Tribune, December 19, 2003 http://www.iht.com/articles/2003/12/19/edscarf_ed3_.php
  36. "Headscarf ban sparks new protests," BBC News, January 17, 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3405453.stm
  37. Ayesha Ahmad, "Muslim Activists Reject Secular Fundamentalism", originally published at IslamOnline, April 22, 1999. See also Minaret of Freedom 5th Annual Dinner, Edited Transcript, Minaret of Freedom Institute website. http://www.islamawareness.net/Secularism/activists.html
  38. Hindery, Roderick (2008). "Comparative Ethics, Ideologies, and Critical Thought" http://propagandaandcriticalthought.com/RHComparativeEthicsArticle2008.htm
  39. Dorff, Elliot N. and Rosett, Arthur, A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law, SUNY Press, 1988.
  40. "An Interview With Howard Thurman and Ronald Eyre", Theology Today, Volume 38, Issue 2 (July 1981). http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jul1981/v38-2-criticscorner1.htm
  41. Tibi, Bassam (2002). The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520236905. 
  42. Gary J. Lewis, Stuart J. Ritchie, Timothy C. Bates (2011-09-03). "The relationship between intelligence and multiple domains of religious belief: Evidence from a large adult US sample". http://www.midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/1197.pdf. 
  43. "Can anyone define 'fundamentalist'?", Terry Mattingly, Ventura County Star, May 12, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2011. http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/may/12/can-anyone-define-fundamentalist/
  44. See, for example, Marty, M. and Appleby, R.S. eds. (1993). Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance. John H. Garvey, Timur Kuran, and David C. Rapoport, associate editors, Vol 3, The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press.
  45. Tex Sample. Public Lecture, Faith and Reason Conference, San Antonio, TX. 2006.
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