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Topic Review
Failures of the Photovoltaic Module Components
With the global increase in the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules, the need to explore and understand their reported failure mechanisms has become crucial. Despite PV modules being considered reliable devices, failures and extreme degradations often occur. Some degradations and failures within the normal range may be minor and not cause significant harm. Others may initially be mild but can rapidly deteriorate, leading to catastrophic accidents, particularly in harsh environments.
  • 354
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Barriers Related to Data-Driven Services across Electricity Sectors
Data-driven services offer a major shift away from traditional monitoring and control approaches that have been applied exclusively over the transmission and distribution networks. These services assist the electricity value chain stakeholders to enhance their data reach and improve their internal intelligence on electricity-related optimization functions. However, the penetration of data-driven services within the energy sector poses challenges across the regulatory, socioeconomic, and organizational (RSEO) domains that are specific to such business models.
  • 353
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Challenges for Second-Life Battery Systems
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been proven to be increasingly popular and are the solution of choice for many companies and business models around the world. One major question for battery owners is how to deal with returning batteries if they still contain sufficient capacity for operation. In this case, those energy storages can still be used in different, less demanding second-life applications, such as stationary battery storage systems, contributing to increased product sustainability and economic benefits at the same time. However, the second-life business model is still at an early stage of development due to the young EV market in combination with long vehicle lifetimes. As a consequence, there are several barriers in various thematic fields, complicating the rededication process for LIBs.
  • 351
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Catalysts in Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass is establishing itself as one of the leading technologies for the conversion of virtually any type of biomass feedstock into drop-in biofuels and renewable materials.
  • 351
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Solar Thermal Technology in Buildings
Buildings account for a significant proportion of total energy consumption. The integration of renewable energy sources is essential to reducing energy demand and achieve sustainable building design. The use of solar energy has great potential for promoting energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of energy consumption in buildings.
  • 349
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Heavy-Metal Contaminated Input along Liquid Biofuel Value Chains
The main types of contaminants include inorganic (mostly heavy metals—HMs) and organic pollutants (petroleum, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs, etc.). The presence of contamination in the value chains examined is assessed in order to identify the corresponding effects and implications. Their effect is studied in each of the typical stages of the existing value chains, including pre-processing, conversion and post-processing steps. Special focus is assigned to the gasification and pyrolysis conversion processes, reviewing the fate of contaminants along each process. In the gasification process, parameters such as temperature, pressure, HM type and concentration are evaluated. At the same time, in pyrolysis, the major parameters considered were residence time and reactor temperature.
  • 348
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Flow Field Design of PEMFC
Climate change and the major threat it poses to the environment and human lives is the major challenge the world faces today. To overcome this challenge, it is recommended that future automobiles have zero carbon exhaust emissions. Even though battery electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions relative to combustion engines, a carbon footprint still remains in the overall ecosystem unless the battery is powered by renewable energy sources. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an alternate source for automotive mobility which, similar to battery electric vehicles, has zero carbon emissions from its exhaust pipe. Moreover, the typical system level efficiency of a PEMFC is higher than an equivalent internal combustion powertrain.
  • 348
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen-Based Energy Systems
The current state of hydrogen as an energy vector is marked by its growing importance and recognition worldwide. Despite its still formidable challenges, once it achieves some maturity, it might be seen as a promising solution to address climate change, reduce emissions, and facilitate the transition towards a sustainable energy future. Collaborative international efforts highlight its significance. While challenges exist and these should not be underestimated, the momentum behind hydrogen suggests that policymakers all around the world see a promising future in the global energy transition towards a cleaner future for both developed and developing countries, and thus for the world.
  • 345
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Wind Turbine Wake Modeling
As wind energy continues to be a crucial part of sustainable power generation, the need for precise and efficient modeling of wind turbines, especially under yawed conditions, becomes increasingly significant. Addressing this, the current study introduces a machine learning-based symbolic regression approach for elucidating wake dynamics.
  • 344
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Water Splitting by MnOx/Na2CO3 Reversible Redox Reactions
Hydrogen is referred to as a secondary energy carrier, made from a primary energy source (nowadays, ~95% from fossil fuels). The global transition to hydrogen as an energy carrier accompanies the rise in required “green” energy. The H2 production by the different MnOx/Na2CO3 reactants was repeated in the solar reactor. Temperatures of the outer reactor wall were limited to below ~1000 °C (strength limitation of the Incoloy construction material). Due to the inertia of the heliostat focusing, temperatures in the bed varied between about 760 and 790 °C (average 775 °C) and between 815 and 835 °C (average 825 °C). Mostly, the first H2 production cycle was investigated. For the cold mix Mn3O4/Na2CO3, the reactants after H2 production were regenerated for 6 h at an average 825 °C using pure CO2.
  • 341
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Data-Driven Methodologies Used for Wind Turbines O&M Tasks
 Wind power is one of the most sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources. With the rapid development of wind turbines (WTs), there is an increasing need to lower the Cost of Energy (COE) of wind power. Predictive maintenance techniques that leverage past failures to learn from and forecast failure and the remaining usable life of various wind turbines can significantly reduce operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses. Recent advancements in data-driven models for condition monitoring and predictive maintenance of wind turbines’ critical components (e.g., bearing, gearbox, generator, blade pitch) are reviewed. The entry categorizes these models according to data-driven procedures, such as data descriptions, data pre-processing, feature extraction and selection, model selection (classification, regression), validation, and decision making. The findings after reviewing extensive relevant articles suggest that (a) SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) data are widely used as they are available at low cost and are extremely practical (due to the 10 min averaging time), but their use is in some sense nonspecific. (b) Unstructured data and pre-processing remain a significant challenge and consume a significant time of whole machine learning model development. (c) The trade-off between the complexity of the vibration analysis and the applicability of the results deserves further development, especially with regards to drivetrain faults. (d) Most of the proposed techniques focus on gearbox and bearings, and there is a need to apply these models to other wind turbine components. 
  • 337
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen is emerging as a new energy vector outside of its traditional role and gaining more recognition internationally as a viable fuel route. Among the most potential renewable energy sources for hydrogen production are solar and wind. The production of H2 from renewable sources derived from agricultural or other waste streams increases the flexibility and improves the economics of distributed and semi-centralized reforming with little or no net greenhouse gas emissions.
  • 330
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Local Smart Grids Based on Innovative Market Mechanisms
The concept that fits into the creation of locally sustainable power systems without the use of fossil fuels is a smart grid, defined as "a power grid that can effectively and cost-free interfere with the behavior and activities of all users connected to it, including ensuring an economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses."
  • 329
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Prospects of Bioethanol from Agricultural Residues in Bangladesh
Since Bangladesh is an agricultural country, bioethanol could be the best alternative fuel generated from agricultural residues and waste. Every year, a large amount of agricultural residue is generated in this country, from which a vast amount of bioethanol could be produced. Bioethanol derived from agricultural residue and waste can reduce dependency on fossil resources, reduce fossil fuel’s environmental impact, and improve engine performance. 
  • 328
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivation Technologies for Bioenergetic System Development
Microalgal biomass is considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. 
  • 326
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Valorisation of Waste Heat in District Heating Systems
To recover thermal energy from different sources, its quality and possibilities for utilisation are essential. The wide range of engineering solutions includes a direct connection to the district heating (DH) system and the integration of low-quality heat using heat pumps to increase the temperature level of recoverable heat. 
  • 325
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Materials for Tribological Engineering Applications
Graphene and graphene-based materials are relatively novel 2D materials with great tribological potential. Graphene is inherently low-friction, very high stiffness, and its thermal conductivity may reduce friction and wear.
  • 323
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Electrocatalytic Reactions for Converting CO2 to Value-Added Products
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are an important environmental issue that causes greenhouse and climate change effects on the earth. Nowadays, CO2 has various conversion methods to be a potential carbon resource, such as photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and photo-electrocatalytic. CO2 conversion into value-added products has many advantages, including facile control of the reaction rate by adjusting the applied voltage and minimal environmental pollution. The development of efficient electrocatalysts and improving their viability with appropriate reactor designs is essential for the commercialization of this environmentally friendly method.
  • 321
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Membrane Distillation Systems
Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive separation process that can work with heat sources with low temperature differences and is less sensitive to concentration polarization and membrane fouling than other pressure-driven membrane separation processes, thus allowing it to use low-grade thermal energy, which is helpful to decrease the consumption of energy, treat concentrated solutions, and improve water recovery rate.
  • 321
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Distributed Energy Technologies
Power plants related to distributed generation can be classified according to the type of primary energy: fossil fuel, nuclear or renewable energy, or waste heat. Combustion-based plants, depending on the type of fossil fuel, can be divided into those using natural gas, coal, peat, wood, oil, diesel, gasoline, etc. The most common fuels for 1–100 MW plants are natural gas, diesel and coal, as they have a significant heat value, are low-cost and are available in large quantities. In the case of natural gas or diesel, electricity can be generated using open cycles such as the Brayton, Otto and Diesel cycles. They can be implemented in gas turbine plants (GTPs), gas piston plants (GPPs) and diesel generator power (DGP) complexes. When using any organic fuel, a closed energy cycle implemented in steam turbine power plants (STPs) can be used. Closed power cycles on water or organic coolants can also be used to generate electricity from industrial waste heat.
  • 320
  • 28 Jun 2023
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