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Topic Review
Microorganisms in Pristine Cave Environments
Microorganisms are essential to life on Earth and can be found almost everywhere. In pristine environments, through evolutionary change, microorganisms have developed strategies adapted to such hostile conditions. They have adapted their metabolism to survive in extreme conditions with low levels of elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as the chemical composition of the surfaces, which directly affect community diversity. This occurs specifically in caves, which are natural geological formations formed by cavities in the rock and are considered extreme and unfavorable living environments due to severe abiotic conditions. Colonization of substrates in caves is not homogeneous. Different groups of microorganisms occupy different ecological niches in different caves, and together with cave fauna and environmental factors, such as carbon dioxide, temperature, and organic matter content, they determine the biotic functions of caves. Microorganisms colonize in host rock and detrital sediments with different compositions and/or structures, where minerals act as environmental filters that provide specific microhabitats for metabolically similar microorganisms. Microbial colonization is ultimately a complex and dynamic process determined and controlled by physicochemical characteristics and biochemical factors. 
  • 897
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Anticyanobacterial Modes and Mechanisms against Microcystis aeruginosa
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have attracted great attention around the world due to the numerous negative effects such as algal organic matters and cyanobacterial toxins in drinking water treatments. Among the blooming cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the most common and widespread species. As an economic and environmentally friendly technology, microorganisms have been widely used for pollution control and remediation, especially in the inhibition/biodegradation of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in eutrophic water; moreover, some certain anticyanobacterial microorganisms can degrade microcystins at the same time.
  • 896
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Interactions between Microorganisms and Arsenic
While arsenic is a natural and inevitable part of the biogeochemical cycle, the rise in anthropogenic activities has led to its continued increase in arsenic concentrations in various environmental matrices. High arsenic concentration is considered a threat due to its recalcitrant nature as well as its capacity for highly toxic effects in plants, animals, and humans. Among all domains of life, microorganisms have been dealing with arsenic since life arose and are the most resilient to its lethal effects. Strides in elucidating the biochemical pathways of their ability to detoxify arsenic has allowed us to utilize their potential in bioremediation processes. 
  • 894
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Valorization of Non-Edible Oilseed Residues
The sustainable development of biodiesel and oleochemical industries requires optimal recycling and reuse strategies for all the generated residues and by-products. The main residues from non-edible oilseeds are either lignocellulosic materials, such as fruit shells, pods, hulls, branches, and leaves, generated before oil extraction or a protein-rich material, e.g., the press cake or de-oiled meal, generated after oil extraction. Both lignocellulosic- and protein-rich materials have huge economic potential. However, since using non-edible oils for biodiesel production is still emerging, the valorization of non-edible oilseed residues is still underdeveloped compared to that of edible oil production residues. The utilization potential of non-edible oilseed residues goes far beyond the traditional energetic approaches. Thermochemical, biochemical, physico-chemical, and chemical approaches provide different utilization routes. Thermochemical approaches, such as gasification and pyrolysis, result in syngas, biochar, and biooil, which can then be converted into advanced biofuels or serve as raw materials for the chemical industry. In the biochemical conversion approach, by either anaerobic digestion, sugar-platform processes, or solid-state fermentation, microorganisms convert the starting substrates into gaseous or liquid biofuels, enzymes, or other compounds.
  • 893
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Reduction of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Lactobacilli
Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied in Lactobacillus spp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. 
  • 892
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biosafety of Genome Editing Applications
In the European Union plants developed by novel genomic techniques for directed mutagenesis are have to undergo an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) prior to release or placing on the market. However, specific guidance for such an ERA is still lacking. In this review we discuss the limited suitability of general denominators of risk/safety to predict the risks associated with individual genome edited (GE) plants and argue that there is no safety by default for whole groups of GE applications encompassing different individual GE organisms. We suggest integrating the following two sets of considerations into the ERA to address particular characteristics of GE plants: considerations related to the traits developed by GE and considerations addressing the assessment of method-related unintended effects, e.g. due to off-target modifications. In conclusion, we recommend that further specific guidance for the ERA and monitoring should be developed to facilitate a focused assessment approach for GE plants. 
  • 890
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MPA_Pathway_Tool: Assignment of Microbial Omics-Data by Metabolic Pathways
MPA_Pathway_Tool. it consists of two parts, called ‘Pathway-Creator’ and ‘Pathway-Calculator’. The ‘Pathway-Creator’ enables an easy set-up of user-defined pathways with specific taxonomic constraints. The ‘Pathway-Calculator’ automatically maps microbial community data from multiple measurements on selected pathways and visualizes the results. The MPA_Pathway_Tool is implemented in Java and ReactJS. 
  • 889
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Sensing of Biofilms
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can form on various surfaces, including medical devices, industrial equipment, and natural environments. The presence of biofilms can lead to a range of problems, including infections, reduced efficiency and failure of equipment, biofouling or spoilage, and environmental damage. As a result, there is a growing need for tools to measure and monitor levels of biofilms in various biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food processing settings.
  • 889
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Myxococcus xanthus
Myxobacteria are Gram-negative δ-proteobacteria found predominantly in terrestrial habitats and often brightly colored due to the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid pigments that protect cells from damage and death by quenching highly reactive and toxic oxidative species, like singlet oxygen, generated upon growth under light. The model myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus  turns from yellow in the dark to red upon exposure to light because of the photoinduction of carotenoid biosynthesis. How light is sensed and transduced to bring about regulated carotenogenesis in order to combat photooxidative stress has been extensively investigated in M. xanthus using genetic, biochemical and high-resolution structural methods. These studies have unearthed new paradigms in bacterial light sensing, signal transduction and gene regulation, and have led to the discovery of prototypical members of widely distributed protein families with novel functions. Major advances have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the light-dependent signaling and regulation of the transcriptional response leading to carotenogenesis in M. xanthus. 
  • 887
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Multiomics-Integrated Genome-Scale Metabolic Models
Although the multiconstraint approach in GEMs allows researchers to explore cellular metabolic networks, there are still certain difficulties in analyzing complex regulatory mechanisms in cells. Therefore, GEMs integrating the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) and protein structure (PRO) were constructed to comprehensively analyze the regulatory mechanism of the metabolic network in cells and the feedback regulation of metabolic flux at the genome scale to understand the growth and metabolic process of cells in detail.
  • 885
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Algal-Based Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors
The treatment of living organisms is a critical aspect of various environmental and industrial applications, ranging from wastewater treatment to aquaculture. Algal membrane bioreactors (AMBRs) combine membrane separation with biological treatment. The layout of a biological reactor is designed in such a way that it promotes the production of microorganisms that need oxygen and dissolved organic carbon to reproduce. A membrane separates microorganism biomass from wastewater before removing bacteria and suspended particulates.
  • 883
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cell Proteomic Footprinting
Cell proteomic footprinting (CPF) is a proteomic technology that involves the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular fragments of proteins and mass spectrometric measurement of the molecular masses of these fragments, the list of which (mass list) represents a cell footprint – a digital characteristic that is highly specific to cells. The cell footprint is of practical importance for the authentication of cell populations and subpopulations with desired useful properties, which is in demand in the development of cell-based pharmaceuticals, such as cellular cancer vaccines.
  • 882
  • 26 Aug 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Hybrid Models in Bioprocess Development
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has spurred advanced development of intelligent biomanufacturing, which has evolved the industrial structures in line with the worldwide trend. To achieve this, intelligent biomanufacturing can be structured into three main parts that comprise digitalization, modeling and intellectualization, with modeling forming a crucial link between the other two components. Hybrid models are models that combine mechanistic models and machine learning algorithms (data-driven models) with bioprocess information at multi-spatial and temporal scales.
  • 879
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Live Recombinant Antigen Delivery Vehicles
Due to their ability to simulate natural infections, live recombinant vectors can stimulate humoral and/or cellular immune responses and can elicit mucosal immunity through oral administration. However, despite the many advantages of using live bacteria as an alternative system for the delivery of heterologous antigens, safety concerns must also be considered.
  • 872
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Sensitive Optical Detection
The advancement of science and technology has led to the recent development of highly sensitive pathogen biosensing techniques. The effective treatment of pathogen infections requires sensing technologies to not only be sensitive but also render results in real-time. Increasing numbers of human diseases are reported each year. Therefore, researchers need to develop a sensor that can easily detect different kinds of pathogens. In many situations, the analytes of interest are present in low concentrations in complex media. Therefore, additional efforts are required to improve the materials and technology on which biosensors rely to improve their sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. Furthermore, the sensing performance of platforms with complex structures is often superior, but this commonly reduces stability.
  • 869
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Nanoparticles Mediated Transesterification of Algal Biomass
Immense use of fossil fuels leads to various environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions, reduced oil reserves, increased energy costs, global climate changes, etc. These challenges can be tackled by using alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Many studies reported that biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is an environment-friendly and energy-efficient approach, with significantly improved fuel quality in terms of density, calorific value and viscosity. Biodiesel is produced using the transesterification process and the most sustainable method is utilizing enzymes for transesterification. Lipase is an enzyme with excellent catalytic activity, specificity, enantio-selectivity, compatibility and stability and hence it is applied in microalgae biodiesel production. But, difficulty in enzymatic recovery, high enzyme cost and minimal reaction rate are some of its drawbacks that have to be addressed. In this aspect, the nanotechnological approach of lipase immobilization in producing microalgae biodiesel is a promising way to increase production yield and it is due to the adsorption efficiency, economic benefit, recyclability, crystallinity, durability, stability, environmental friendliness and catalytic performance of the bio-nanoparticles used. Through increasing post-harvest biomass yield, absorption of CO2 and photosynthesis in the photobioreactor, the use of nanoparticle immobilized lipase during the generation of biodiesel from microalgae has the potential to also remove feedstock availability constraints. 
  • 868
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Agricultural Bioinputs Obtained by Solid-State Fermentation
Agriculture plays a major role on society, especially in developing countries which rely on commodity exportation markets. To maintain high crop productivity, the use of agrochemicals was once employed as the main strategy, which in turn affected soil, water, and human health. In order to aid this issue, identifying some alternatives, such as the implementation of biofertilizers and inoculants as bioinputs in modern agriculture, are imperative to improve ecosystem quality. Among these bioinputs, a few bioproducts have shown good performances, such as phytohormones (e.g., auxins and giberellins), biosurfactants, and other enzymes; thus, it is extremely important to assure the quality and feasibility of their production in biorefinery scenarios. These bioproducts can be synthesized through fermentation processes through utilizing plant biomasses and agricultural byproducts as carbon sources. In this sense, to increase the tecno-economical availability of these processes, the implementation of solid-state fermentation (SSF) has shown great potential due to its ease of operation and cost-attractiveness.
  • 865
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Urokinase Receptor in Targeted Cancer Therapy
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult.  
  • 863
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Micropropagation in Agave Species
The Agave genus is composed of approximately 210 species distributed from south United States to Colombia and Venezuela. Numerous Agave species have been used for the preparation of alcoholic beverages and have attracted interest in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Despite their economic importance, there are few initiatives for the improvement and selection of characteristics of interest. This is mainly due to its morphology, long lifecycles, and monocarpic nature. Micropropagation is a feasible alternative to the improvement of Agave species. It has been used for multiple purposes, including massive propagation, induction of somaclonal variation to enhance agronomic characteristics of interest, maintenance of specific genotypes, and genetic transformation using molecular techniques.
  • 862
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics during Vegetable Fermentation
Fermented vegetables are popular traditional foods known for their unique flavors and health benefits. The flavors of fermented vegetables can vary based on different vegetable materials and fermentation techniques used.
  • 859
  • 01 Nov 2023
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