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Topic Review
Orofacial Cancers
Orofacial cancers result in facial deformities and impairment of vital functions and are often lethal. These aggressive solid tumors exhibit great heterogeneity between them and show distinct and exclusive molecular alterations that deregulate the function of important signaling pathways. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in the initiation and development of orofacial cancers. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch molecules may have a dual function in cancer, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Crosstalk between Notch and other signaling pathways provides a critical multidirectional control in these cancers. Protein phosphorylation is activated in cancers and therefore novel drugs inhibiting phosphorylation events (kinase inhibitors) are increasingly used in the treatment of cancers. Another pharmacological strategy is the selective targeting of Notch signaling in order to eliminate the cancer stem cells using monoclonal antibodies against specific regions of the Notch molecules. Organoids, “organ-on-a-chip” devices and single-cell genomic analyses could be used for further investigations and preclinical studies in orofacial cancers. Organoids can be used to study complex interactions between the various cells lines in orofacial cancers, as well as for the preclinical screening of novel drugs. Microfluidic culture systems, also called “organs-on-chips”, can be used to model cancer cell behavior within orofacial tissues and their environment. These chips also enable to vary drug delivery and composition in a controlled manner in order to study cancer tissue responses to various pharmaceutical anticancer products. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses allow exploring the genetic and functional heterogeneity of orofacial cancers at a cellular resolution, thus revealing new insights into tumor composition and drug resistance. These important technological developments and the innovative therapeutic strategies demonstrate significant promise and generate enthusiasm and optimism within the oncology community.
  • 907
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects numerous animals, including mammals, birds, and arthropods.
  • 907
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions.
  • 906
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Influenza Vaccines
Influenza viruses are Orthomyxovirus species belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family. While influenza viruses can be classified into four genera (A, B, C and D), only influenza A and B viruses cause clinical disease in humans.
  • 905
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) has a prevalence of 0.16–0.34% and an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000 person-years, accounting for 1–2% of all deaths in Western countries. No effective pharmacological therapies have been identified to slow TAA development and prevent TAA rupture. Large TAAs are treated with open surgical repair and less invasive thoracic endovascular aortic repair, both of which have high perioperative mortality risk. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TAA development and rupture to develop new therapies.
  • 905
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Retinal Diseases
The human retina may be affected by two macro groups of diseases, namely maculopathies and retinopathies. Whereas maculopathies are confined to the central part of the retina, bounded by the vascular arcades, retinopathies may extend up to the extreme retinal periphery. These two categories can be further subdivided according to the main features characterizing the disease, thus taking into consideration exudative or atrophic phenomena.
  • 904
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Methylmercury Poisoning
MeHg treatment induces cardiac electrical remodeling in vivo Chronic MeHg prolongs action potential duration and impairs Ca2+ and K+ currents at the cellular level Acute exposure to MeHg modifies human ventricular K+ currents in vitro MeHg induces Early AfterDepolarizations (EADs) and arrhythmia in silico at picomolar concentrations
  • 903
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
EMF-ELF and Wound-Repair
Wound healing is a complex, staged process. It involves extensive communication between the different cellular constituents of various compartments of the skin and its extracellular matrix (ECM). Different signaling pathways are determined by a mutual influence on each other, resulting in a dynamic and complex crosstalk. It consists of various dynamic processes including a series of overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation response, new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Interruption or deregulation of one or more of these phases may lead to non-healing (chronic) wounds. The most important factor among local and systemic exogenous factors leading to a chronic wound is infection with a biofilm presence. In the last few years, an increasing number of reports have evaluated the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on tissue repair. Each experimental result comes from a single element of this complex process. An interaction between ELF-EMFs and healing has shown to effectively modulate inflammation, protease matrix rearrangement, neo-angiogenesis, senescence, stem-cell proliferation, and epithelialization.
  • 903
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Genes Associated with Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis and abnormalities in tooth development (including hypomineralization, hypodontia and microdontia) have been observed to co-occur in some patients. A common pathogenesis pathway that involves genes and protein interactions has been hypothesized.
  • 901
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation mediated by dysregulated immune responses to such factors as diet and microbiota. Fibrosis, which is a healing mechanism, becomes progressive and damaging in the scope of long-lasting IBD, in which persistent tissue damage and healing result in scar tissue formation.
  • 899
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare bone malignant tumour with a poor prognosis in the case of recurrence.
  • 898
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells. The incidence is estimated at five cases per 100,000 people per year. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) account for 10–15% of all STS, and their management depends on their anatomical characteristics and histotype. Due to their very low incidence, it is recommended that RPS be treated in reference centers and evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team (MDT). In Spain, the Spanish Group for Research in Sarcomas (GEIS) brings together experts from various specialties to promote research on sarcomas and improve treatment results.
  • 898
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Retroviral Latency and Transcription Balance
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for decades de-spite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the persistence of infectious latent viruses in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells, macrophages, monocytes, microglial cells, and other cell types. However, the biology of HIV-1 latency remains incompletely understood. Retroviral long terminal repeat region (LTR) plays an indispensable role in controlling viral gene expression. Reg-ulation of the transcription initiation plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining a retro-virus latency. Whether and how retroviruses establish latency and reactivate remains unclear.
  • 897
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Mismatch Repair Genes in Lynch Syndrome
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is also known as Lynch syndrome. Lynch syndrome is associated with pathogenetic variants in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes.
  • 897
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Extra-mammary Paget’s Disease
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) was first described by Crocker in 1889 in a man affected from bladder carcinoma and presented with an eczematous lesion involving the penoscrotal region, that was diagnosed as Paget disease in an extramammary site. Subsequently EMPD has been reported involving more frequently the external female genitalia and less commonly, the perianal/perineal region, groin, axilla, umbilicus, eyelids, and also external ear canal. EMPD has been defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as an intraepithelial neoplasm of epithelial origin expressing apocrine or eccrine glandular-like features and characterized by distinctive large cells with prominent cytoplasm, referred to as Paget cells’.
  • 895
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pathophysiological Processes of IBD
The pathophysiological processes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are still not completely understood.
  • 895
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Immune-Related miRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNA family that play pivotal roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including immune response. Immune-related miRNAs might on one side trigger the innate and adaptive immune response and regulate the expression of immune cells. On the other side, miRNAs can be diferentially expressed due to activated immune cells. All of this makes them valuable promising diagnostic, prognostic and predicative markers as well as potential therapeutic targets.
  • 895
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
FAK Signaling in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of children and adolescents. The fusion-positive (FP)-RMS variant expressing chimeric oncoproteins such as PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 is at high risk. The fusion negative subgroup, FN-RMS, has a good prognosis when non-metastatic. Despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, FP-RMS and metastatic FN-RMS often show a dismal prognosis with 5-year survival of less than 30%. Therefore, novel targets need to be discovered to develop therapies that halt tumor progression, reducing long-term side effects in young patients. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates focal contacts at the cellular edges. It plays a role in cell motility, survival, and proliferation in response to integrin and growth factor receptors’ activation. FAK is often dysregulated in cancer, being upregulated and/or overactivated in several adult and pediatric tumor types. In RMS, both in vitro and preclinical studies point to a role of FAK in tumor cell motility/invasion and proliferation, which is inhibited by FAK inhibitors.
  • 894
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Store-Independent Calcium Entry
Calcium is recognized as a universal intracellular second messenger involved in a plethora of physiological as well as physiopathological processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and chemoresistance in a cancer situation. Store-independent calcium entry is a distinctive calcium entry in cells, which is not activated by calcium store depletion. This entry is supported by basal activated calcium channels, ligand-activated calcium channels, or voltage-gated calcium channels.
  • 893
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Impairment of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and its prevalence is increasing. Very few drugs effectively reduce AD symptoms and thus, a better understanding of its pathophysiology is vital to design new effective schemes. Presymptomatic neuronal damage caused by the accumulation of Amyloid β peptide and Tau protein abnormalities remains a challenge, despite recent efforts in drug development. Importantly, therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and diagnostic techniques have emerged to detect and treat AD. Of note, the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) and peripheral inflammation in AD are becoming more evident, being harmful factors that contribute to the development of the disease. Perspectives from different pre-clinical and clinical studies link peripheral inflammation with the onset and progression of AD.
  • 891
  • 15 Sep 2022
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