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Topic Review
Radiation Responses in Tumour Microenvironment
Radiotherapy (RT) is a primary treatment modality for a number of cancers, offering potentially curative outcomes. Despite its success, tumour cells can become resistant to RT, leading to disease recurrence. Components of the tumour microenvironment (TME) likely play an integral role in managing RT success or failure including infiltrating immune cells, the tumour vasculature and stroma. Furthermore, genomic profiling of the TME could identify predictive biomarkers or gene signatures indicative of RT response.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Tumour Immune Microenvironment
Targeting altered tumour metabolism is an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The metabolic reprogramming that accompanies the development of malignancy creates targetable differences between cancer cells and normal cells, which may be exploited for therapy. In this entry, we focus on the metabolic dysregulation exerted by tumour cells on the immune microenvironment, leading to tumour immunosuppression. This metabolic rewiring and crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment also play a key role in cell proliferation, metastasis, and the development of treatment resistance. Nonetheless, greater understanding of the metabolic crosstalk presents strategies that aid in the precision targeting of altered tumour metabolism, including therapeutic strategies combining metabolic inhibition with immunotherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pterostilbene in Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells
Pterostilbene (PTE) is a natural sterbenoid contained in blueberries that has an antioxidant effect. In contrast, PTE also generates oxidative stress in cancer cells and provides an antitumor effect.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Caveolin-1 in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most common and malignant cancers with extremely high morbidity and mortality in both males and females. Although traditional lung cancer treatments are fast progressing, there are still limitations. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a main component of caveolae, participates in multiple cellular events such as immune responses, endocytosis, membrane trafficking, cellular signaling and cancer progression. It has been found tightly associated with lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis resistance and drug resistance. In addition to this, multiple bioactive molecules have been confirmed to target Cav-1 to carry on their anti-tumor functions in lung cancers. Cav-1 can also be a predictor for lung cancer patients’ prognosis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mutant p53 Functions
Active p53 is a homotetramer of four identical chains of 393 amino acids. Each monomer presents a modular structure divided into different domains: an acidic disorderedN-terminal region, comprising the transactivation domain (TAD) and the proline-rich region (PRR); a central core sequence-specific DNA-binding domain (DBD); aC-terminal region, encompassing an oligomerization domain (OD) and a disordered regulatory domain (CRD)().
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Antigen xCT
The cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT is a tumor-associated antigen that has been newly identified in many cancer types. By participating in glutathione biosynthesis, xCT protects cancer cells from oxidative stress conditions and ferroptosis, and contributes to metabolic reprogramming, thus promoting tumor progression and chemoresistance. Moreover, xCT is overexpressed in cancer stem cells. These features render xCT a promising target for cancer therapy, as has been widely reported in the literature and in our work on its immunotargeting. Interestingly, studies on the TP53 gene have revealed that both wild-type and mutant p53 induce the post-transcriptional down-modulation of xCT, contributing to ferroptosis. Moreover, APR-246, a small molecule drug that can restore wild-type p53 function in cancer cells, has been described as an indirect modulator of xCT expression in tumors with mutant p53 accumulation and is thus a promising drug to use in combination with xCT inhibition.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
3D Lung Cancer Models
3D models of cancer primarily refer to patient-derived xenografts, spheroids, and organoids and have been established for a variety of cancer types, including lung cancer. 3D lung cancer models have been demonstrated to more accurately model patient cancers and have the potential to advance basic, translational, and clinical studies.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Somatostatin-Dopamine Chimeric Compounds
The growing knowledge of receptor profile expression in Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has led to synthesis of several chimeric molecules targeting multi-receptors, with a particular interest for SSTs and DRs due to the functional interactions between these receptors. On these assumptions, novel chimeric compounds, embracing somatostatin and dopamine features, were developed opening new routes for NENs treatments.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The anticancer effects of Andrographolide
       Andrographolide, a diterpene lactone from Andrographis paniculata was brought into to the limelight because of its ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Here we review andrographolide on cellular pathways regulation including Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, VEGF-mediated intracellular signaling, as well as TRAIL-mediated apoptosis to inhibit cancer development. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare catecholamine producing tumors. Early diagnosis is crucial to avoid life threatning complications. Surgical resection of the tumor is the only curative option. Preoperative management consists of alpha blockade and correction of intravascular volume.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oligometastatic Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer among women and represents the second leading cause of cancer-specific death. A subset of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) presents limited disease, termed ‘oligometastatic’ breast cancer (OMBC). The oligometastatic disease can be managed with different treatment strategies to achieve long-term remission and eventually cure. Several approaches are possible to cure the oligometastatic disease: locoregional treatments of the primary tumor and of all the metastatic sites, such as surgery and radiotherapy; systemic treatment, including target-therapy or immunotherapy, according to the biological status of the primary tumor and/or of the metastases; or the combination of these approaches. Encouraging results involve local ablative options, but these trials are limited by being retrospective and affected by selection bias. Systemic therapy, e.g., the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER-2 negative BC, leads to an increase of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in all the subgroups, with favorable toxicity. Regardless of the lack of substantial data, this subset of patients could be treated with curative intent; the appropriate candidates could be mostly young women, for whom a multidisciplinary aggressive approach appears suitable.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Syngeneic Mouse Models for Therapeutic Research in OC
The most prevalent oral cancer globally is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The invasion of adjacent bones and the metastasis to regional lymph nodes often lead to poor prognoses and shortened survival times in patients with OSCC. Encouraging immunotherapeutic responses have been seen with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, these positive responses to monotherapy have been limited to a small subset of patients. Therefore, it is urgent that further investigations into optimizing immunotherapies are conducted. Areas of research include identifying novel immune checkpoints and targets and tailoring treatment programs to meet the needs of individual patients. Furthermore, the advancement of combination therapies against OSCC is also critical. Thus, additional studies are needed to ensure clinical trials are successful. Mice models are advantageous in immunotherapy research with several advantages, such as relatively low costs and high tumor growth success rate. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer diagnosed in children and adolescents. Approximately 70% of patients survive >5-years following diagnosis, however, for those that fail upfront therapies, survival is poor. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in a range of cancers and are emerging as significant contributors to the leukaemogenesis of ALL. ROS modulate the function of signalling proteins through oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as promote genomic instability by damaging DNA, to promote chemotherapy resistance. Current therapeutic approaches exploit the pro-oxidant intracellular environment of malignant B and T lymphoblasts to cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, however these strategies impact normal haematopoiesis and lead to long lasting side-effects. Therapies suppressing ROS production, especially those targeting ROS producing enzymes such as the NADPH oxidases (NOXs), are emerging alternatives to treat cancers and may be exploited to improve the ALL treatment. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mechanistic Insight into the Anticancer Activity of Luteolin
Luteolin, a flavone found in numerous fruits, vegetables, and herbs, has exhibited a number of biological activities, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. Luteolin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis and migration. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Free DNA
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing, is an emerging “liquid biopsy” tool for noninvasive lymphoma detection, and an increased amount of data are now available to use this technique with accuracy, especially in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The advantages of cfDNA include simplicity of repeated blood sample acquisition over time; dynamic, noninvasive, and quantitative analysis; fast turnover time; reasonable cost; and established consistency with results from tumor genomic DNA. cfDNA analysis offers an easy method for genotyping the overall molecular landscape of pediatric and adult cHL and may help in cases of diagnostic difficulties between cHL and other lymphomas.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plant Extracts for Cachexia
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. Sequela is a result or condition that follows from a disease or illness Cachexia is a condition that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting. It is a symptom of many chronic conditions, such as cancer, chronic renal failure, HIV, and multiple sclerosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
PET for Microenvironment-Targeted Therapy
 Quantitative parameters of FDG-PET, such as SUV and TLG have been used to evaluate therapeutic response. Recent advancement in anti-cancer therapeutics showed that tumor response to molecular-targeted drugs and immune-checkpoint inhibitors is different from conventional chemotherapy in terms of temporal metabolic alteration and morphological change after the course of effective therapy. Metabolic changes and temporal enlargement due to immune cell infiltration seen after immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies facilitated the modification of conventional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor and FDG-PET response evaluation criteria. Tumor microenvironment including cancer stem cells (CSCs) that is thought to be a root cause of tumor heterogeneity; is considered a target of novel and effective therapy.   Accumulation of FDG reflects glucose metabolism of both cancer cells and immunologically competent cells in the tumor microenvironment. Immunological reaction to the therapy differs among patients according to the individual immune function. Considering the heterogeneity of tumor tissue and individual variation in tumor response to immunotherapy, radiomics approach combines quantitative image features with deep learning algorithm have the potentials to improve response assessment in more personalized treatment.   Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-targeted α-particle therapy has been introduced, because SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is known to increase epithelial-mesenchymal transition to facilitate invasion and metastasis, and regulate immune response by accelerating T cell proliferation as well as PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. Prominent energy profile and biological effect of α-particles are promising as an alternative in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Radiation dosimetry according to the theranostics approach will permit accurate TRT and artificial intelligence-based treatment decision making and precise response evaluation would be a precision nuclear medicine in the future.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria Exchanges within the tumor
In this review, we focus on how CAFs participate in cancer progression by modulating cancer cells metabolic functions and mitochondrial apoptosis.Resistance of solid cancer cells to chemotherapies and targeted therapies is not only due to the mutational status of cancer cells but also to the concurring of stromal cells of the tumor ecosystem, such as immune cells, vasculature and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The reciprocal education of cancer cells and CAFs favors tumor growth, survival and invasion. Mitochondrial function control, including the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress and apoptotic stress are crucial for these different tumor progression steps. In this review, we focus on how CAFs participate in cancer progression by modulating cancer cells metabolic functions and mitochondrial apoptosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Transcriptional Spatial Profiling
Transcriptional spatial profiling enables characterization of the cancer immune profile by providing quantitative gene expression data that retains critical spatial information. It encompasses both well-known technologies such as in-situ hybridization and digital spatial profiling as well as emerging technologies such as Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution. These technologies may be used to identify and subsequently block the source of tumour heterogeneity that underlies treatment resistance, disease progression and cancer relapse. By combining sequencing data with spatial information, transcriptional spatial profiling technologies hold great promise in uncovering novel biomarkers, potential drug targets and pathogenic mechanisms. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Recurrent Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive central nervous system (CNS) primary malignancy in adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 years.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2021
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