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Topic Review
Laser Forming Process
Laser forming is an emerging manufacturing process capable of producing either uncomplicated and complicated shapes by employing a concentrated heating source. The heat source movement creates local softening, and a plastic strain will be induced during the rise of temperature and the subsequent cooling. This contactless forming process may be used for the simple bending of sheets and tubes or fabrication of doubly-curved parts. Different studies have been carried out over recent years to understand the mechanism of forming and predicting the bending angle. The analysis of process parameters and search for optimized manufacturing conditions are among the most discussed topics. This review describes the main recent findings in the laser forming of single and multilayer sheets, composite and fiber-metal laminate plates, force assisted laser bending, tube bending by laser beam, the optimization technique implemented for process parameters selection and control, doubly-curved parts, and the analytical solutions in laser bending. The main focus is set to the researches published since 2015.
  • 3.4K
  • 21 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ultra-Precision Machining Technologies
In order to reduce the surface/subsurface damage of soft-brittle optical materials and improve their surface quality, it is necessary to carry out ultra-precision machining of soft-brittle optical materials. Common ultra-precision machining techniques for soft-brittle optical materials include abrasive-free deliquescent polishing, single-point diamond turning (SPDT), chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), ultra-precision grinding, micro-milling, ion beam figuring (IBF) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF).
  • 3.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stereolithography
Being the earliest form of Additive manufacturing, Stereolithography (SLA) fabricates 3D objects by selectively solidifying the liquid resin through photopolymerization reaction. The ability to fabricate objects with high accuracy as well as a wide variety of materials brings much attention to stereolithography. Since its invention in 1980s, SLA underwent four generations of major technological innovation over the past 40 years. These innovations have thus result in a diversifies range of stereolithography systems with dramatically improved resolution, throughput, and materials selection for creating complex 3D objects and devices. In this paper, we review the four generations stereolithography processes, which are scanning, projection, continuous and volumetric stereolithography. For each generation, representative stereolithography system configurations are also discussed in detail. In addition, other derivative technologies, such as scanning-projection, multi-material, and magnetically assisted stereolithography processes, are also included in this review.
  • 3.3K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Inspection of Wind Turbine Blades
Wind turbines are known to be the most efficient method of green energy production, and wind turbine blades (WTBs) are known as a key component of the wind turbine system, with a major influence on the efficiency of the entire system. Wind turbine blades have a quite manual production process of composite materials, which induces various types of defects in the blade. Blades are susceptible to the damage developed by complex and irregular loading or even catastrophic collapse and are expensive to maintain. Failure or damage to wind turbine blades not only decreases the lifespan, efficiency, and fault diagnosis capability but also increases safety hazards and maintenance costs.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Motor Characteristics
It is important to comprehensively evaluate which type of motor is most suitable when designing mechanical systems. This paper presents the results of a survey of the performance of electric and hydraulic servo motors which are commonly used in many mechanical systems and aims to provide quantitative data that can be used as a reference for selecting appropriate motors. We collected data on the characteristics of electric and hydraulic motors and compared and evaluated the characteristics of these servo motors using indexes such as torque, rotating speed, output power, power density, and power rate.
  • 3.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Foundation of Classical Mechanics
Mechanics is the science of the equilibrium and motion of bodies subject to forces. The adjective classical, hence Classical Mechanics , was added in the 20th century to distinguish it from relativistic mechanics which studies motion with speed close to light speed and quantum mechanics which studies motion at a subatomic level.
  • 3.2K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Wind Turbine Blade Failures
The wind turbine is a complex structure. Although there is no single approach and there is variability in the commercial designs, a typical WTB is a thin-walled multi-cellular hollow airfoil shaped cross-section. For its manufacture, a number of materials and material systems are used for structural purposes (fibre composites and sandwich composite systems) as well as aesthetic purposes (primers, UV gel coats, paint, etc). The potential causes of wind turbine blade failures can be classified into the following four categories:1. damage from lightning;2. failures due to fatigue;3. leading edge erosion;4. damage from icing.The types of damage caused to wind turbine blades—originating from the above four different sources—along with their significance to the turbine’s performance and secure operation, are detailed in the following sub-sections.
  • 3.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Shipbuilding Supply Chain 4.0
The supply chain is currently taking on a very important role in organizations seekingto improve the competitiveness and profitability of the company. Its transversal character mainly places it in an unbeatable position to achieve this role. This article, through a study of each of the key enabling technologies of Industry 4.0, aims to obtain a general overview of the current state of the art in shipbuilding adapted to these technologies. To do so, a systematic review of what the scientific community says is carried out, dividing each of the technologies into di erent categories. In addition, the global vision of countries interested in each of the enabling technologies is also studied. Both studies present a general vision to the companies of the concerns of the scientific community, thus encouraging research on the subject that is focused on the sustainability of theshipbuilding supply chain.
  • 3.1K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Zero-Waste Manufacturing
At first glance, zero waste (ZW) means complete and total elimination or absence of waste. However, much more than that, ZW entails waste prevention and where all materials are reused. It is a philosophy that forbids sending any unused material to landfills, dumpsites, or incinerators.
  • 2.8K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Fuzzy Logic Control for Refrigeration Systems
Logic fuzzy systems are based on the human ability to think, which has allowed controllers to adapt better to systems by finding an approximation to their real behavior.
  • 2.8K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanical Durability of PEM Fuel Cells
The mechanical durability of PEM fuel cells is a significant barrier to commercializing these systems for stationary and transportation power applications. The performance of a PEM fuel cell or stack is affected pointedly by the degradation of its components materials. Performance degradation is unavoidable, but the degradation rate can be minimized by comprehensively understanding degradation and failure mechanisms. Furthermore, the degradation processes of the different components are often interconnected in fuel cells. Therefore, the degradation phenomena of each fuel cell component must be separated, analyzed, and systematically understood to develop novel component materials and build novel cells/stacks that mitigate insufficient fuel cell mechanical durability.
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Mechanics and Mathematics in Ancient Greece
This entry presents an overview on how mechanics in Greece was linked to geometry. In ancient Greece, mechanics was about lifting heavy bodies, and mathematics almost coincided with geometry. Mathematics interconnected with mechanics at least from the 5th century BCE and became dominant in the Hellenistic period. The contributions by thinkers such as Aristotle, Euclid, and Archytas on fundamental problems such as that of the lever are sketched. This entry can be the starting point for a deeper investigation on the connections of the two disciplines through the ages until our present day.
  • 2.8K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Automotive Chassis Control Technology
Automotive chassis control technology plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability, performance, and safety of vehicles. This paper reviews and discusses automotive steering/braking/driving/suspension systems from perspectives of system composition, the state of the art, and key technologies. Detailed analysis is conducted on critical techniques related to system fault tolerance, road feel feedback, brake force distribution strategy, electric motors, and motor controllers.The development and application of automotive chassis control technology is in line with the goals and objectives for the advancement of the automotive industry in terms of innovation, safety, and environmental sustainability.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Jute Fibers
The increasing trend of the use of synthetic products may result in an increased level of pollution affecting both the environment and living organisms. Therefore, from the sustainability point of view, natural, renewable and biodegradable materials are urgently needed to replace environmentally harmful synthetic materials. Jute, one of the natural fibers, plays a vital role in developing composite materials that showed potential in a variety of applications such as household, automotive and medical appliances.
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Active Aerodynamic Systems for Road Vehicles
Comfort, safety, high travel speeds, and low fuel consumption are expected characteristics of modern cars. Some of these are in conflict with one other. A solution to this conflict may be time-varying body geometry realized by moving aerodynamic elements and appropriate systems for controlling their motion. 
  • 2.5K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Non-Mechanical Hybrid Hydrogen Compression
Non-mechanical hybrid hydrogen compressors consists of a first electrochemical compression stage followed by a second one based on the adsorption-desorption of hydrogen on microporous materials. They allow compressing hydrogen up to 70 MPa. Non-mechanical hybrid hydrogen compressors can be a valid alternative to the mechanical compressors. 
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Hot Corrosion in Gas Turbine Blades
Hot corrosion is due to the severe deterioration of metals due to sulfidation or oxidation reactions of the deposits in the form of liquid or semi-liquid at an operating temperature. In a gas turbine, there are corrosive particles in the environment and lower-grade fuel—for example, chlorine, sodium, sulfur, and vanadium.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Metal Additive Manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing (AM), also called 3D printing, has been expanding into several industrial sectors due to the technology providing opportunities in terms of improved functionality, productivity, and competitiveness.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Self-Driving Cars
Self-driving cars are a hot research topic in science and technology, which has a great influence on social and economic development. Deep learning is one of the current key areas in the field of artificial intelligence research. It has been widely applied in image processing, natural language understanding, and so on. In recent years, more and more deep learning-based solutions have been presented in the field of self-driving cars and have achieved outstanding results. This paper presents a review of recent research on theories and applications of deep learning for self-driving cars. This survey provides a detailed explanation of the developments of self-driving cars and summarizes the applications of deep learning methods in the field of self-driving cars. Then the main problems in self-driving cars and their solutions based on deep learning methods are analyzed, such as obstacle detection, scene recognition, lane detection, navigation and path planning. In addition, the details of some representative approaches for self-driving cars using deep learning methods are summarized. Finally, the future challenges in the applications of deep learning for self-driving cars are given out.
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Metal Matrix Composite
Composites are generally categorized into three main categories based on the matrix substance. They are called metal matrix composite (MMC), polymer matrix composite (PMC), and ceramic matrix composite (CMC), respectively. MMC gives more elevated ductile properties than CMCs and better environmental stability than PMCs. Additionally, MMCs offer good thermal conductivity (from 220 to 580 W·m−1·K−1), wear resistance (0.01025), wear rate (g·m−1), erosion, and shear strength.
  • 2.4K
  • 06 Sep 2021
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