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Topic Review
Hypertensive Heart Failure
Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide, which largely surpasses other important factors of mortality such as smoking and metabolic diseases. HTN is the most important risk factor for heart failure (HF) development, with recent evidence indicating that HTN is present in 76% of incident HF cases, and the lifetime risk of HF is almost twice as high in people with HTN as in those with normal blood pressure (BP).
  • 835
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Congenital Heart Diseases
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a frequent occurrence, with a prevalence rate of almost 1% in the general population. However, the pathophysiology of the anomalous heart development is still unclear in most patients screened. A definitive genetic origin, be it single-point mutation or larger chromosomal disruptions, only explains about 35% of identified cases. The precisely choreographed embryology of the heart relies on timed activation of developmental molecular cascades, spatially and temporally regulated through epigenetic regulation: chromatin conformation, DNA priming through methylation patterns, and spatial accessibility to transcription factors. This multi-level regulatory network is eminently susceptible to outside disruption, resulting in faulty cardiac development. Similarly, the heart is unique in its dynamic development: growth is intrinsically related to mechanical stimulation, and disruption of the intrauterine environment will have a direct impact on fetal embryology. These two converging axes offer new areas of research to characterize the cardiac epigenetic regulation and identify points of fragility in order to counteract its teratogenic consequences.
  • 834
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ventricular Septal Rupture
Ventricular septal rupture is a serious mechanical complication of myocardial infarction (MI) with an unfavorable prognosis.
  • 834
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs) are structurally similar to TV-ICDs, being made of a pulse generator and a defibrillator coil. The advantage of S-ICDs concerns the components, which are completely outside of the chest.
  • 833
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Extracellular vesicles are particles released from cells and delimited by a lipid bilayer. They have been widely studied, including extensive investigation in cardiovascular diseases. The content presented here focuses on their role in atrial fibrillation. 
  • 831
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Intervention
Interventions aimed at the cellular origin of the pathology would have a better chance of preventing and treating cardiovascular disease, lowering healthcare costs, and incurring less risk.
  • 831
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Zebrafish Cardiac Endothelial Cell
In zebrafish, the spatiotemporal development of the vascular system is well described due to its stereotypical nature. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms orchestrating post-embryonic vascular development, the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, or how coronary vessels integrate into the growing heart are less well studied. In the context of cardiac regeneration, the central cellular mechanism by which the heart regenerates a fully functional myocardium relies on the proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes; however the epicardium and the endocardium are also known to play key roles in the regenerative process. Remarkably, revascularisation of the injuredtissue occurs within a few hours after cardiac damage, thus generating a vascular network acting as a scaffold for the regenerating myocardium. The activation of the endocardium leads to the secretion of cytokines, further supporting the proliferation of the cardiomyocytes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the development of the endocardium and the coronary vasculature in zebrafish as well as their pivotal roles in the heart regeneration process.  
  • 830
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Sarcomeric versus Non-Sarcomeric HCM
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable cardiovascular disorder and is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is unexplained by abnormal loading conditions. HCM is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and, in about 40% of patients, the causal mutation is identified in genes encoding sarcomere proteins.
  • 830
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rodent Models of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
Even with modern therapy, patients with heart failure only have a 50% five-year survival rate. To improve the development of new therapeutic strategies, preclinical models of disease are needed to properly emulate the human condition. Determining the most appropriate model represents the first key step for reliable and translatable experimental research. Rodent models of heart failure provide a strategic compromise between human in vivo similarity and the ability to perform a larger number of experiments and explore many therapeutic candidates.
  • 830
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease both of the valve and the myocardium, characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valve leaflets, progressive LV hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. AS represents not only a valvular disease but a whole heart disease, often in patients with comorbidities.
  • 829
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Telemedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases
Telehealth and telemedicine, if properly used, may offer advantages for both patients and health professionals. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), telemedicine can be defined as “the delivery of medical services, where distance is a basic factor, by all medical care experts utilizing information and communication technologies (ICT) for the exchanging of adequate information for the treatment, diagnosis and avoidance of illness and wounds, exploration and assessment, and for the proceeding with instruction of medical care suppliers, in the purpose of strengthening individuals health and their networks”. Telemedicine includes the protected transmission of clinical information and data, by voice, text, images, or other forms required for the diagnosis, treatment, and patient follow up.
  • 827
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) is a new non-invasive method for assessing vascular circulation and/or metabolic regulation. It enables assessment of both vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The method measures stimulation of the circulation in response to post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). It analyzes the dynamical changes in the emission of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence from skin tissue, providing the information on mitochondrial metabolic status and intracellular oxygen delivery through the circulatory system.
  • 825
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current data suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases experience more serious complications with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) than those without CVD. In addition, severe COVID-19 appears to cause acute cardiac injury, as well as long-term adverse remodeling of heart tissue. Cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts may play a pivotal role in both contributing to the deleterious effects of COVID-19-induced cardiac injury, as well as the healing process after cardiac injury. 
  • 823
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
ECMO Management in Severely Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients
Accidental hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop of the body core temperature below 35 °C, is one of the causes of cardiocirculatory instability and reversible cardiac arrest. Currently, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) rewarming is recommended as a first-line treatment for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients. The aim of the ECLS rewarming is not only rapid normalization of core temperature but also maintenance of adequate organ perfusion. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a preferred technique due to its lower anticoagulation requirements and potential to prolong circulatory support. Although highly efficient, ECMO is acknowledged as an invasive treatment option, requiring experienced medical personnel and is associated with the risk of serious complications. 
  • 823
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 822
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Nuclear Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis
Nuclear imaging is a generic term for several imaging techniques. They all make use of small amounts of radioactive tracers administered to gain information about organs and tissues and represent an additional pillar in the diagnosis of CA. Nuclear imaging is not about functional, but more about structural assessment. While scintigraphy is two-dimensional or planar, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are three-dimensional.
  • 820
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, 15% have concomitant cancer, especially in the first 6 months after their diagnosis, as well as in advanced metastatic stages. Lung, gastric, and pancreatic cancers are the most frequent malignancies associated with ACS.
  • 818
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Genetic Screening of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disease with an estimated prevalence of up to 1 in 200 individuals. In the majority of cases, HCM is considered a Mendelian disease, with mainly autosomal dominant inheritance. Most pathogenic variants are usually detected in genes for sarcomeric proteins. 
  • 814
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Therapy
Antiplatelet therapy (APT) reduces platelet response to vascular damage, an increase in the potency, dosage, and/or duration of APT also inevitably increases the patient’s risk of bleeding. This has been observed in the results of large-scale studies involving tens of thousands of patients. In other words, APT cannot reduce both ischemic and bleeding risks; rather, it poses a technological limitation that has yet to be overcome by innovations.
  • 814
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atherosclerosis-driven coronary artery disease (CAD) will have ongoing fibrotic remodeling both in the myocardium and in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the functional consequences of fibrosis differ for each location. Thus, cardiac fibrosis leads to myocardial stiffening, thereby compromising cardiac function, while fibrotic remodeling stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque, thereby reducing the risk of plaque rupture. 
  • 814
  • 26 May 2022
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